Livedoid vasculitis: Difference between revisions
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*[[Cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency]] | *[[Cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency]] | ||
*[[Cytomegalovirus infection]] | *[[Cytomegalovirus infection]] | ||
* | *Dermal vascular occlusion<ref name="pmid21212844">{{cite journal| author=Keller MS, Lee J, Webster GF| title=Livedoid thrombotic vasculopathy responding to doxycycline therapy. | journal=J Clin Aesthet Dermatol | year= 2008 | volume= 1 | issue= 4 | pages= 22-4 | pmid=21212844 | doi= | pmc=PMC3016933 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21212844 }} </ref> | ||
*[[Dermatomyositis]] | *[[Dermatomyositis]] | ||
*[[Dextroamphetamine]] | *[[Dextroamphetamine]] | ||
*[[Down syndrome]] | *[[Down syndrome]] | ||
*[[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]] | *[[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]] | ||
* | *Elevated fibrinopeptide A<ref name="pmid21212844">{{cite journal| author=Keller MS, Lee J, Webster GF| title=Livedoid thrombotic vasculopathy responding to doxycycline therapy. | journal=J Clin Aesthet Dermatol | year= 2008 | volume= 1 | issue= 4 | pages= 22-4 | pmid=21212844 | doi= | pmc=PMC3016933 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21212844 }} </ref> | ||
*[[Factor V Leiden mutation]]<ref name="pmid17116831">{{cite journal| author=Hairston BR, Davis MD, Pittelkow MR, Ahmed I| title=Livedoid vasculopathy: further evidence for procoagulant pathogenesis. | journal=Arch Dermatol | year= 2006 | volume= 142 | issue= 11 | pages= 1413-8 | pmid=17116831 | doi=10.1001/archderm.142.11.1413 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17116831 }} </ref> | *[[Factor V Leiden mutation]]<ref name="pmid17116831">{{cite journal| author=Hairston BR, Davis MD, Pittelkow MR, Ahmed I| title=Livedoid vasculopathy: further evidence for procoagulant pathogenesis. | journal=Arch Dermatol | year= 2006 | volume= 142 | issue= 11 | pages= 1413-8 | pmid=17116831 | doi=10.1001/archderm.142.11.1413 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17116831 }} </ref> | ||
* | *Familial primary cryofibrinogenemia | ||
* | *FILS syndrome<ref name="pmid23230001">{{cite journal| author=Pachlopnik Schmid J, Lemoine R, Nehme N, Cormier-Daire V, Revy P, Debeurme F et al.| title=Polymerase ε1 mutation in a human syndrome with facial dysmorphism, immunodeficiency, livedo, and short stature ("FILS syndrome"). | journal=J Exp Med | year= 2012 | volume= 209 | issue= 13 | pages= 2323-30 | pmid=23230001 | doi=10.1084/jem.20121303 | pmc=PMC3526359 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23230001 }} </ref> | ||
*[[Gefitinib]] | *[[Gefitinib]] | ||
*[[Henoch-Schönlein purpura]]<ref name="pmid7604640">{{cite journal| author=Helander SD, De Castro FR, Gibson LE| title=Henoch-Schönlein purpura: clinicopathologic correlation of cutaneous vascular IgA deposits and the relationship to leukocytoclastic vasculitis. | journal=Acta Derm Venereol | year= 1995 | volume= 75 | issue= 2 | pages= 125-9 | pmid=7604640 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7604640 }} </ref> | *[[Henoch-Schönlein purpura]]<ref name="pmid7604640">{{cite journal| author=Helander SD, De Castro FR, Gibson LE| title=Henoch-Schönlein purpura: clinicopathologic correlation of cutaneous vascular IgA deposits and the relationship to leukocytoclastic vasculitis. | journal=Acta Derm Venereol | year= 1995 | volume= 75 | issue= 2 | pages= 125-9 | pmid=7604640 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7604640 }} </ref> | ||
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*[[Hyperhomocysteinemia]]<ref name="pmid17116831">{{cite journal| author=Hairston BR, Davis MD, Pittelkow MR, Ahmed I| title=Livedoid vasculopathy: further evidence for procoagulant pathogenesis. | journal=Arch Dermatol | year= 2006 | volume= 142 | issue= 11 | pages= 1413-8 | pmid=17116831 | doi=10.1001/archderm.142.11.1413 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17116831 }} </ref> | *[[Hyperhomocysteinemia]]<ref name="pmid17116831">{{cite journal| author=Hairston BR, Davis MD, Pittelkow MR, Ahmed I| title=Livedoid vasculopathy: further evidence for procoagulant pathogenesis. | journal=Arch Dermatol | year= 2006 | volume= 142 | issue= 11 | pages= 1413-8 | pmid=17116831 | doi=10.1001/archderm.142.11.1413 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17116831 }} </ref> | ||
*[[livedo reticularis|Idiopathic livedo reticularis]]<ref name="pmid21212844">{{cite journal| author=Keller MS, Lee J, Webster GF| title=Livedoid thrombotic vasculopathy responding to doxycycline therapy. | journal=J Clin Aesthet Dermatol | year= 2008 | volume= 1 | issue= 4 | pages= 22-4 | pmid=21212844 | doi= | pmc=PMC3016933 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21212844 }} </ref> | *[[livedo reticularis|Idiopathic livedo reticularis]]<ref name="pmid21212844">{{cite journal| author=Keller MS, Lee J, Webster GF| title=Livedoid thrombotic vasculopathy responding to doxycycline therapy. | journal=J Clin Aesthet Dermatol | year= 2008 | volume= 1 | issue= 4 | pages= 22-4 | pmid=21212844 | doi= | pmc=PMC3016933 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21212844 }} </ref> | ||
* | *IgM antiphosphatidylserine-prothrombin complex antibody | ||
*[[Immune complex disease]] <ref name="pmid21212844">{{cite journal| author=Keller MS, Lee J, Webster GF| title=Livedoid thrombotic vasculopathy responding to doxycycline therapy. | journal=J Clin Aesthet Dermatol | year= 2008 | volume= 1 | issue= 4 | pages= 22-4 | pmid=21212844 | doi= | pmc=PMC3016933 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21212844 }} </ref> | *[[Immune complex disease]] <ref name="pmid21212844">{{cite journal| author=Keller MS, Lee J, Webster GF| title=Livedoid thrombotic vasculopathy responding to doxycycline therapy. | journal=J Clin Aesthet Dermatol | year= 2008 | volume= 1 | issue= 4 | pages= 22-4 | pmid=21212844 | doi= | pmc=PMC3016933 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21212844 }} </ref> | ||
* | *Increased plasminogen activator release<ref name="pmid21212844">{{cite journal| author=Keller MS, Lee J, Webster GF| title=Livedoid thrombotic vasculopathy responding to doxycycline therapy. | journal=J Clin Aesthet Dermatol | year= 2008 | volume= 1 | issue= 4 | pages= 22-4 | pmid=21212844 | doi= | pmc=PMC3016933 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21212844 }} </ref> | ||
*[[Interferon type I|Interferon beta treatment]] <ref name="pmid21575046">{{cite journal| author=Fox M, Tahan S, Kim CC| title=Livedo reticularis: a side effect of interferon therapy in a pediatric patient with melanoma. | journal=Pediatr Dermatol | year= 2012 | volume= 29 | issue= 3 | pages= 333-5 | pmid=21575046 | doi=10.1111/j.1525-1470.2011.01426.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21575046 }} </ref><ref name="pmid10920422">{{cite journal| author=Cruz BA, Queiroz ED, Nunes SV, Cruz Filho A, Campos GB, Monteiro EL et al.| title=[Severe Raynaud's phenomenon associated with interferon-beta therapy for multiple sclerosis: case report]. | journal=Arq Neuropsiquiatr | year= 2000 | volume= 58 | issue= 2B | pages= 556-9 | pmid=10920422 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10920422 }} </ref><ref name="pmid24321162">{{cite journal| author=Rot U, Ledinek AH| title=Interferons beta have vasoconstrictive and procoagulant effects: a woman who developed livedo reticularis and Raynaud phenomenon in association with interferon beta treatment for multiple sclerosis. | journal=Clin Neurol Neurosurg | year= 2013 | volume= 115 Suppl 1 | issue= | pages= S79-81 | pmid=24321162 | doi=10.1016/j.clineuro.2013.09.027 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24321162 }} </ref> | *[[Interferon type I|Interferon beta treatment]] <ref name="pmid21575046">{{cite journal| author=Fox M, Tahan S, Kim CC| title=Livedo reticularis: a side effect of interferon therapy in a pediatric patient with melanoma. | journal=Pediatr Dermatol | year= 2012 | volume= 29 | issue= 3 | pages= 333-5 | pmid=21575046 | doi=10.1111/j.1525-1470.2011.01426.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21575046 }} </ref><ref name="pmid10920422">{{cite journal| author=Cruz BA, Queiroz ED, Nunes SV, Cruz Filho A, Campos GB, Monteiro EL et al.| title=[Severe Raynaud's phenomenon associated with interferon-beta therapy for multiple sclerosis: case report]. | journal=Arq Neuropsiquiatr | year= 2000 | volume= 58 | issue= 2B | pages= 556-9 | pmid=10920422 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10920422 }} </ref><ref name="pmid24321162">{{cite journal| author=Rot U, Ledinek AH| title=Interferons beta have vasoconstrictive and procoagulant effects: a woman who developed livedo reticularis and Raynaud phenomenon in association with interferon beta treatment for multiple sclerosis. | journal=Clin Neurol Neurosurg | year= 2013 | volume= 115 Suppl 1 | issue= | pages= S79-81 | pmid=24321162 | doi=10.1016/j.clineuro.2013.09.027 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24321162 }} </ref> | ||
*[[Lupus anticoagulant]]<ref name="pmid1684471">{{cite journal| author=Stephansson EA, Niemi KM, Jouhikainen T, Vaarala O, Palosuo T| title=Lupus anticoagulant and the skin. A longterm follow-up study of SLE patients with special reference to histopathological findings. | journal=Acta Derm Venereol | year= 1991 | volume= 71 | issue= 5 | pages= 416-22 | pmid=1684471 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1684471 }} </ref> | *[[Lupus anticoagulant]]<ref name="pmid1684471">{{cite journal| author=Stephansson EA, Niemi KM, Jouhikainen T, Vaarala O, Palosuo T| title=Lupus anticoagulant and the skin. A longterm follow-up study of SLE patients with special reference to histopathological findings. | journal=Acta Derm Venereol | year= 1991 | volume= 71 | issue= 5 | pages= 416-22 | pmid=1684471 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1684471 }} </ref> | ||
| Line 189: | Line 189: | ||
*[[Peripheral arterial occlusive disease]] | *[[Peripheral arterial occlusive disease]] | ||
*[[Pernicious anaemia]] | *[[Pernicious anaemia]] | ||
*[[Pheochromocytoma]] | *[[Pheochromocytoma]]<ref name="BuckleyLessing2013">{{cite journal|last1=Buckley|first1=Sarah A.|last2=Lessing|first2=Juan N.|last3=Mark|first3=Nicholas M.|title=Livedo Reticularis in a Patient With Pheochromocytoma Resolving After Adrenalectomy|journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism|volume=98|issue=2|year=2013|pages=439–440|issn=0021-972X|doi=10.1210/jc.2012-2842}}</ref> | ||
* | *Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promoter homozygosity | ||
*[[Polyarteritis nodosa]] | *[[Polyarteritis nodosa]] | ||
* | *Polyclonal IgM hypergammopathy | ||
*[[Polycythaemia rubra vera]] | *[[Polycythaemia rubra vera]] | ||
*[[Primary hyperoxaluria]] | *[[Primary hyperoxaluria]] | ||
*[[Protein C deficiency]]<ref name="pmid17116831">{{cite journal| author=Hairston BR, Davis MD, Pittelkow MR, Ahmed I| title=Livedoid vasculopathy: further evidence for procoagulant pathogenesis. | journal=Arch Dermatol | year= 2006 | volume= 142 | issue= 11 | pages= 1413-8 | pmid=17116831 | doi=10.1001/archderm.142.11.1413 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17116831 }} </ref><ref name="pmid11069468">{{cite journal| author=Boyvat A, Kundakçi N, Babikir MO, Gürgey E| title=Livedoid vasculopathy associated with heterozygous protein C deficiency. | journal=Br J Dermatol | year= 2000 | volume= 143 | issue= 4 | pages= 840-2 | pmid=11069468 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11069468 }} </ref> | *[[Protein C deficiency]]<ref name="pmid17116831">{{cite journal| author=Hairston BR, Davis MD, Pittelkow MR, Ahmed I| title=Livedoid vasculopathy: further evidence for procoagulant pathogenesis. | journal=Arch Dermatol | year= 2006 | volume= 142 | issue= 11 | pages= 1413-8 | pmid=17116831 | doi=10.1001/archderm.142.11.1413 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17116831 }} </ref><ref name="pmid11069468">{{cite journal| author=Boyvat A, Kundakçi N, Babikir MO, Gürgey E| title=Livedoid vasculopathy associated with heterozygous protein C deficiency. | journal=Br J Dermatol | year= 2000 | volume= 143 | issue= 4 | pages= 840-2 | pmid=11069468 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11069468 }} </ref> | ||
* | *Prothrombin G20210A heterozygosity | ||
*[[Rasagiline]] | *[[Rasagiline]] | ||
*[[Renal cell carcinoma]] | *[[Renal cell carcinoma]] | ||
Revision as of 20:38, 30 June 2014
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Synonyms and keywords: Livedo reticularis; livedo vasculitis; livedoid vasculopathy; primary livedo reticularis; idiopathic livedo reticularis; vitiligo reticularis
Overview
Livedoid vasculitis is a vascular disorder mostly affecting women. It may be aggravated by exposure to cold and occurs most often in the lower extremities. It can also be associated with the presence of anti-cardiolipin antibodies (the Antiphospholipid syndrome).
Historical Perspective
The condition's name derives from the Latin livere meaning bluish.
Causes
Life Threatening Causes
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
Common Causes
- Anticardiolipin antibodies
- Antiphospholipid syndrome
- Factor V Leiden mutation
- Hyperhomocysteinemia
- Idiopathic livedo reticularis[1]
- Lupus anticoagulant
- Protein C deficiency
Causes by Organ System
| Cardiovascular | No underlying causes |
| Chemical/Poisoning | No underlying causes |
| Dental | No underlying causes |
| Dermatologic | No underlying causes |
| Drug Side Effect | No underlying causes |
| Ear Nose Throat | No underlying causes |
| Endocrine | No underlying causes |
| Environmental | No underlying causes |
| Gastroenterologic | No underlying causes |
| Genetic | No underlying causes |
| Hematologic | No underlying causes |
| Iatrogenic | No underlying causes |
| Infectious Disease | No underlying causes |
| Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic | No underlying causes |
| Neurologic | No underlying causes |
| Nutritional/Metabolic | No underlying causes |
| Obstetric/Gynecologic | No underlying causes |
| Oncologic | No underlying causes |
| Ophthalmologic | No underlying causes |
| Overdose/Toxicity | No underlying causes |
| Psychiatric | No underlying causes |
| Pulmonary | No underlying causes |
| Renal/Electrolyte | No underlying causes |
| Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy | No underlying causes |
| Sexual | No underlying causes |
| Trauma | No underlying causes |
| Urologic | No underlying causes |
| Miscellaneous | No underlying causes |
Causes in Alphabetical Order
Treatment
Other than identifying and treating any underlying conditions in secondary livedo,[24] idiopathic livedo reticularis itself may improve with warming the legs, but once established the skin discolouration may become permanent.
References
- ↑ Gibbs MB, English JC, Zirwas MJ (2005). "Livedo reticularis: an update". J Am Acad Dermatol. 52 (6): 1009–19. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2004.11.051. PMID 15928620.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Hairston BR, Davis MD, Pittelkow MR, Ahmed I (2006). "Livedoid vasculopathy: further evidence for procoagulant pathogenesis". Arch Dermatol. 142 (11): 1413–8. doi:10.1001/archderm.142.11.1413. PMID 17116831.
- ↑ Asherson RA, Cervera R (1993). "Antiphospholipid syndrome". J Invest Dermatol. 100 (1): 21S–27S. PMID 8423386.
- ↑ Gibson GE, Su WP, Pittelkow MR (1997). "Antiphospholipid syndrome and the skin". J Am Acad Dermatol. 36 (6 Pt 1): 970–82. PMID 9204065.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Keller MS, Lee J, Webster GF (2008). "Livedoid thrombotic vasculopathy responding to doxycycline therapy". J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 1 (4): 22–4. PMC 3016933. PMID 21212844.
- ↑ Johnson PL, Neperud J, Arnold J, Thomas J (2011). "Livedo reticularis and bowel ischemia after carbon dioxide arteriography in a patient with CREST syndrome". J Vasc Interv Radiol. 22 (3): 395–9. doi:10.1016/j.jvir.2010.11.012. PMID 21277800.
- ↑ Kazmier FJ, Sheps SG, Bernatz PE, Sayre GP (1966). "Livedo reticularis and digital infarcts: a syndrome due to cholesterol emboli arising from atheromatous abdominal aortic aneurysms". Vasc Dis. 3 (1): 12–24. PMID 5903590.
- ↑ Stewart WM, Lauret P, Testart J, Thomine E, Boulliê MC, Leroy D (1977). "[Cutaneous cholesterol emboli (author's transl)]". Ann Dermatol Venereol. 104 (1): 5–8. PMID 843026.
- ↑ Namazi MR, Kerchner KR, Pichardo RO (2008). "Essential type II mixed cryoglobulinemia causing pyoderma gangrenosum-like ulcers". ScientificWorldJournal. 8: 228. doi:10.1100/tsw.2008.44. PMID 18335149.
- ↑ Pachlopnik Schmid J, Lemoine R, Nehme N, Cormier-Daire V, Revy P, Debeurme F; et al. (2012). "Polymerase ε1 mutation in a human syndrome with facial dysmorphism, immunodeficiency, livedo, and short stature ("FILS syndrome")". J Exp Med. 209 (13): 2323–30. doi:10.1084/jem.20121303. PMC 3526359. PMID 23230001.
- ↑ Helander SD, De Castro FR, Gibson LE (1995). "Henoch-Schönlein purpura: clinicopathologic correlation of cutaneous vascular IgA deposits and the relationship to leukocytoclastic vasculitis". Acta Derm Venereol. 75 (2): 125–9. PMID 7604640.
- ↑ Fox M, Tahan S, Kim CC (2012). "Livedo reticularis: a side effect of interferon therapy in a pediatric patient with melanoma". Pediatr Dermatol. 29 (3): 333–5. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1470.2011.01426.x. PMID 21575046.
- ↑ Cruz BA, Queiroz ED, Nunes SV, Cruz Filho A, Campos GB, Monteiro EL; et al. (2000). "[Severe Raynaud's phenomenon associated with interferon-beta therapy for multiple sclerosis: case report]". Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 58 (2B): 556–9. PMID 10920422.
- ↑ Rot U, Ledinek AH (2013). "Interferons beta have vasoconstrictive and procoagulant effects: a woman who developed livedo reticularis and Raynaud phenomenon in association with interferon beta treatment for multiple sclerosis". Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 115 Suppl 1: S79–81. doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2013.09.027. PMID 24321162.
- ↑ Stephansson EA, Niemi KM, Jouhikainen T, Vaarala O, Palosuo T (1991). "Lupus anticoagulant and the skin. A longterm follow-up study of SLE patients with special reference to histopathological findings". Acta Derm Venereol. 71 (5): 416–22. PMID 1684471.
- ↑ Oh YB, Jun JB, Kim CK, Lee CW, Park CK, Kim TY; et al. (2000). "Mixed connective tissue disease associated with skin defects of livedoid vasculitis". Clin Rheumatol. 19 (5): 381–4. PMID 11055828.
- ↑ Toth C, Trotter M, Clark A, Zochodne D (2003). "Mononeuropathy multiplex in association with livedoid vasculitis". Muscle Nerve. 28 (5): 634–9. doi:10.1002/mus.10450. PMID 14571469.
- ↑ Gould JW, Helms SE, Schulz SM, Stevens SR (1998). "Relapsing livedo reticularis in the setting of chronic pancreatitis". J Am Acad Dermatol. 39 (6): 1035–6. PMID 9843029.
- ↑ SIGMUND WJ, SHELLEY WB (1954). "Cutaneous manifestations of acute pancreatitis, with special reference to livedo reticularis". N Engl J Med. 251 (21): 851–3. doi:10.1056/NEJM195411182512104. PMID 13214346.
- ↑ Buckley, Sarah A.; Lessing, Juan N.; Mark, Nicholas M. (2013). "Livedo Reticularis in a Patient With Pheochromocytoma Resolving After Adrenalectomy". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 98 (2): 439–440. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-2842. ISSN 0021-972X.
- ↑ Boyvat A, Kundakçi N, Babikir MO, Gürgey E (2000). "Livedoid vasculopathy associated with heterozygous protein C deficiency". Br J Dermatol. 143 (4): 840–2. PMID 11069468.
- ↑ Thomas JR, Winkelmann RK (1983). "Vascular ulcers in scleroderma". Arch Dermatol. 119 (10): 803–7. PMID 6137196.
- ↑ Yasue T (1986). "Livedoid vasculitis and central nervous system involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus". Arch Dermatol. 122 (1): 66–70. PMID 3942409.
- ↑ Fleischer A, Resnick S (1990). "Livedo reticularis". Dermatol Clin. 8 (2): 347–54. PMID 2191805.