Hydralazine (injection): Difference between revisions
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* Although the precise mechanism of action of hydralazine is not fully understood, the major effects are on the cardiovascular system. Hydralazine apparently lowers [[blood pressure]] by exerting a peripheral vasodilating effect through a direct relaxation of vascular [[smooth muscle]]. Hydralazine, by altering cellular [[calcium]] metabolism, interferes with the [[calcium]] movements within the vascular smooth muscle that are responsible for initiating or maintaining the contractile state. | |||
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[[File:hydralazine01.jpeg|600px|thumb|none|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]] | [[File:hydralazine01.jpeg|600px|thumb|none|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]] | ||
* Hydralazine Hydrochloride USP is a white to off-white, odorless crystalline powder. It is soluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol, and very slightly soluble in ether. It melts at about 275°C, with decomposition, and has a molecular weight of 196.64. | * Hydralazine Hydrochloride USP is a white to off-white, odorless crystalline powder. It is soluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol, and very slightly soluble in ether. It melts at about 275°C, with decomposition, and has a molecular weight of 196.64. | ||
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There is limited information regarding <i>Pharmacodynamics</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label. | There is limited information regarding <i>Pharmacodynamics</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label. | ||
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* In a lifetime study in Swiss albino mice, there was a statistically significant increase in the incidence of lung [[tumor]]s ([[adenoma]]s and [[adenocarcinoma]]s) of both male and female mice given hydralazine continuously in their drinking water at a dosage of about 250 mg/kg per day (about 80 times the maximum recommended human dose). In a 2-year carcinogenicity study of rats given hydralazine by gavage at dose levels of 15, 30, and 60 mg/kg/day (approximately 5 to 20 times the recommended human daily dosage), microscopic examination of the liver revealed a small, but statistically significant, increase in benign neoplastic nodules in male and female rats from the high-dose group and in female rats from the intermediate-dose group. Benign interstitial cell tumors of the testes were also significantly increased in male rats from the high-dose group. The tumors observed are common in aged rats and a significantly increased incidence was not observed until 18 months of treatment. Hydralazine was shown to be mutagenic in bacterial systems (Gene Mutation and DNA Repair) and in one of two rats and one rabbit hepatocyte in vitro DNA repair studies. | * In a lifetime study in Swiss albino mice, there was a statistically significant increase in the incidence of lung [[tumor]]s ([[adenoma]]s and [[adenocarcinoma]]s) of both male and female mice given hydralazine continuously in their drinking water at a dosage of about 250 mg/kg per day (about 80 times the maximum recommended human dose). In a 2-year carcinogenicity study of rats given hydralazine by gavage at dose levels of 15, 30, and 60 mg/kg/day (approximately 5 to 20 times the recommended human daily dosage), microscopic examination of the liver revealed a small, but statistically significant, increase in benign neoplastic nodules in male and female rats from the high-dose group and in female rats from the intermediate-dose group. Benign interstitial cell tumors of the testes were also significantly increased in male rats from the high-dose group. The tumors observed are common in aged rats and a significantly increased incidence was not observed until 18 months of treatment. Hydralazine was shown to be mutagenic in bacterial systems (Gene Mutation and DNA Repair) and in one of two rats and one rabbit hepatocyte in vitro DNA repair studies. | ||
* Additional in vivo and in vitro studies using lymphoma cells, germinal cells, and | * Additional in vivo and in vitro studies using [[lymphoma]] cells, germinal cells, and [[fibroblast]]s from mice, bone marrow cells from Chinese hamsters and fibroblasts from human cell lines did not demonstrate any mutagenic potential for hydralazine. | ||
* The extent to which these findings indicate a risk to man is uncertain. While long-term clinical observation has not suggested that human cancer is associated with hydralazine use, epidemiologic studies have so far been insufficient to arrive at any conclusions. | * The extent to which these findings indicate a risk to man is uncertain. While long-term clinical observation has not suggested that human cancer is associated with hydralazine use, epidemiologic studies have so far been insufficient to arrive at any conclusions. | ||
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: NDC 17478-834-01 1 mL Single-dose Vial Packaged in boxes of 10 | : NDC 17478-834-01 1 mL Single-dose Vial Packaged in boxes of 10 | ||
: NDC 17478-834-15 1 mL Single-dose Vial Packaged in boxes of 25 | : NDC 17478-834-15 1 mL Single-dose Vial Packaged in boxes of 25 | ||
* Storage: Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F). | * Storage: Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F). | ||
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Revision as of 16:31, 4 July 2014
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Gerald Chi
Disclaimer
WikiDoc MAKES NO GUARANTEE OF VALIDITY. WikiDoc is not a professional health care provider, nor is it a suitable replacement for a licensed healthcare provider. WikiDoc is intended to be an educational tool, not a tool for any form of healthcare delivery. The educational content on WikiDoc drug pages is based upon the FDA package insert, National Library of Medicine content and practice guidelines / consensus statements. WikiDoc does not promote the administration of any medication or device that is not consistent with its labeling. Please read our full disclaimer here.
Overview
Hydralazine (injection) is a vasodilator that is FDA approved for the {{{indicationType}}} of severe essential hypertension. Common adverse reactions include chest pain, palpitations, tachycardia, diarrhea, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and headache.
Adult Indications and Dosage
FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Adult)
Hypertension
- When there is urgent need, therapy in the hospitalized patient may be initiated intramuscularly or as a rapid intravenous bolus injection directly into the vein. Hydralazine hydrochloride injection should be used only when the drug cannot be given orally.
- Certain patients (especially those with marked renal damage) may require a lower dose. Blood pressure should be checked frequently. It may begin to fall within a few minutes after injection, with the average maximal decrease occurring in 10 to 80 minutes. In cases where there has been IICPincreased intracranial pressure, lowering the blood pressure may increase cerebral ischemia. Most patients can be transferred to oral hydralazine hydrochloride within 24 to 48 hours.
- The product should be used immediately after the vial is opened. It should not be added to infusion solutions. Hydralazine hydrochloride injection may discolor upon contact with metal; discolored solutions should be discarded.
- Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit.
- Dosing Information
- 20–40 mg IV/IM, repeated as necessary.
Off-Label Use and Dosage (Adult)
Guideline-Supported Use
There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Hydralazine (injection) in adult patients.
Non–Guideline-Supported Use
Mitral and Aortic Incompetence
- Dosing Information
- 37–225 mg/day[1]
Pulmonary Hypertension
- Dosing Information
- 0.15–0.3 mg/kg[2]
Pediatric Indications and Dosage
FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric)
Hypertension
- Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established in controlled clinical trials, although there is experience with the use of hydralazine hydrochloride in children.
- Dosing Information
- The usual recommended parenteral dosage, administered intramuscularly or intravenously, is 1.7 to 3.5 mg/kg of body weight daily, divided into four to six doses.
Off-Label Use and Dosage (Pediatric)
Guideline-Supported Use
There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Hydralazine (injection) in pediatric patients.
Non–Guideline-Supported Use
There is limited information regarding Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use of Hydralazine (injection) in pediatric patients.
Contraindications
- Hypersensitivity to hydralazine
- Coronary artery disease
- Mitral valvular rheumatic heart disease
Warnings
- In a few patients hydralazine may produce a clinical picture simulating systemic lupus erythematosus including glomerulonephritis.
- In such patients hydralazine should be discontinued unless the benefit-to-risk determination requires continued antihypertensive therapy with this drug. Symptoms and signs usually regress when the drug is discontinued but residua have been detected many years later. Long-term treatment with steroids may be necessary.
Precautions
- General
- Myocardial stimulation produced by hydralazine can cause anginal attacks and ECG changes of myocardial ischemia. The drug has been implicated in the production of myocardial infarction. It must, therefore, be used with caution in patients with suspected coronary artery disease.
- The “hyperdynamic” circulation caused by hydralazine may accentuate specific cardiovascular inadequacies. For example, hydralazine may increase pulmonary artery pressure in patients with mitral valvular disease. The drug may reduce the pressor responses to epinephrine. Postural hypotension may result from hydralazine hydrochloride but is less common than with ganglionic blocking agents. It should be used with caution in patients with cerebral vascular accidents.
- In hypertensive patients with normal kidneys who are treated with hydralazine, there is evidence of increased renal blood flow and a maintenance of glomerular filtration rate. In some instances where control values were below normal, improved renal function has been noted after administration of hydralazine. However, as with any antihypertensive agent, hydralazine should be used with caution in patients with advanced renal damage.
- Peripheral neuritis, evidenced by paresthesia, numbness, and tingling, has been observed. Published evidence suggests an antipyridoxine effect, and that pyridoxine should be added to the regimen if symptoms develop.
- Laboratory Tests
- Complete blood counts and antinuclear antibody titer determinations are indicated before and periodically during prolonged therapy with hydralazine even though the patient is asymptomatic. These studies are also indicated if the patient develops arthralgia, fever, chest pain, continued malaise, or other unexplained signs or symptoms.
- A positive antinuclear antibody titer requires that the physician carefully weigh the implications of the test results against the benefits to be derived from antihypertensive therapy with hydralazine hydrochloride.
- Blood dyscrasias, consisting of reduction in hemoglobin and red cell count, leukopenia, agranulocytosis, and purpura, have been reported. If such abnormalities develop, therapy should be discontinued.
Adverse Reactions
Clinical Trials Experience
There is limited information regarding Clinical Trial Experience of Hydralazine (injection) in the drug label.
Postmarketing Experience
- Adverse reactions with hydralazine hydrochloride are usually reversible when dosage is reduced. However, in some cases it may be necessary to discontinue the drug.
- Common adverse reactions include:
- The following adverse reactions have been observed, but there has not been enough systematic collection of data to support an estimate of their frequency.
Neurologic
- Peripheral neuritis, evidenced by paresthesia, numbness, and tingling
- Dizziness
- Tremors
- Muscle cramps
- Psychotic reactions characterized by depression, disorientation, or anxiety.
Cardiovascular
Hypotension, paradoxical pressor response, edema.
Respiratory
Gastrointestinal
Constipation, paralytic ileus.
Genitourinary
Hypersensitivity
Rash, urticaria, pruritus, fever, chills, arthralgia, eosinophilia, and, rarely, hepatitis.
Hematologic
Blood dyscrasias, consisting of reduction in hemoglobin and red cell count, leukopenia, agranulocytosis, purpura; lymphadenopathy; splenomegaly.
Miscellaneous
Nasal congestion, flushing, lacrimation, conjunctivitis.
Drug Interactions
- MAO inhibitors should be used with caution in patients receiving hydralazine.
- Parenteral antihypertensive drugs
- When other potent parenteral antihypertensive drugs, such as diazoxide, are used in combination with hydralazine, patients should be continuously observed for several hours for any excessive fall in blood pressure. Profound hypotensive episodes may occur when diazoxide injection and hydralazine injection are used concomitantly.
Use in Specific Populations
Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Category C
- Animal studies indicate that hydralazine is teratogenic in mice at 20 to 30 times the maximum daily dose of 200 to 300 mg and possibly in rabbits at 10 to 15 times the maximum daily human dose, but that it is nonteratogenic in rats. Teratogenic effects observed were cleft palate and malformations of facial and cranial bones.
- There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Although clinical experience does not include any positive evidence of adverse effects on the human fetus, hydralazine should be used during pregnancy only if the expected benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
- Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) Pregnancy Category
There is no Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) guidance on usage of Hydralazine (injection) in women who are pregnant.
Labor and Delivery
There is no FDA guidance on use of Hydralazine (injection) during labor and delivery.
Nursing Mothers
- It is not known whether this drug is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when hydralazine injection is administered to a nursing woman.
Pediatric Use
- Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established in controlled clinical trials, although there is experience with the use of hydralazine hydrochloride in children. The usual recommended parenteral dosage, administered intramuscularly or intravenously, is 1.7 to 3.5 mg/kg of body weight daily, divided into four to six doses.
Geriatic Use
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Hydralazine (injection) with respect to geriatric patients.
Gender
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Hydralazine (injection) with respect to specific gender populations.
Race
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Hydralazine (injection) with respect to specific racial populations.
Renal Impairment
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Hydralazine (injection) in patients with renal impairment.
Hepatic Impairment
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Hydralazine (injection) in patients with hepatic impairment.
Females of Reproductive Potential and Males
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Hydralazine (injection) in women of reproductive potentials and males.
Immunocompromised Patients
There is no FDA guidance one the use of Hydralazine (injection) in patients who are immunocompromised.
Administration and Monitoring
Administration
- Oral
- Intravenous
Monitoring
There is limited information regarding Monitoring of Hydralazine (injection) in the drug label.
IV Compatibility
There is limited information regarding IV Compatibility of Hydralazine (injection) in the drug label.
Overdosage
Acute Overdose
Signs and Symptoms
- No deaths due to acute poisoning have been reported.
- Highest known dose survived: adults, 10 g orally. Oral LD50 in rats: 173 and 187 mg/kg.
- Signs and symptoms of overdosage include hypotension, tachycardia, headache, and generalized skin flushing.
- Complications can include myocardial ischemia and subsequent myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmia, and profound shock.
Management
- There is no specific antidote.
- Support of the cardiovascular system is of primary importance. Shock should be treated with plasma expanders. If possible, vasopressors should not be given, but if a vasopressor is required, care should be taken not to precipitate or aggravate cardiac arrhythmia. Tachycardia responds to beta blockers. Digitalization may be necessary, and renal function should be monitored and supported as required.
- No experience has been reported with extracorporeal or peritoneal dialysis.
Chronic Overdose
There is limited information regarding Chronic Overdose of Hydralazine (injection) in the drug label.
Pharmacology
There is limited information regarding Hydralazine (injection) Pharmacology in the drug label.
Mechanism of Action
- Although the precise mechanism of action of hydralazine is not fully understood, the major effects are on the cardiovascular system. Hydralazine apparently lowers blood pressure by exerting a peripheral vasodilating effect through a direct relaxation of vascular smooth muscle. Hydralazine, by altering cellular calcium metabolism, interferes with the calcium movements within the vascular smooth muscle that are responsible for initiating or maintaining the contractile state.
Structure
- Hydralazine Hydrochloride Injection, USP is an antihypertensive available in a 1 mL vial for intravenous and intramuscular administration. Hydralazine Hydrochloride Injection USP is a sterile, nonpyrogenic colorless solution.
- Hydralazine Hydrochloride USP is 1-hydrazinophthalazine monohydrochloride, and its structural formula is:
- Hydralazine Hydrochloride USP is a white to off-white, odorless crystalline powder. It is soluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol, and very slightly soluble in ether. It melts at about 275°C, with decomposition, and has a molecular weight of 196.64.
Pharmacodynamics
xx
There is limited information regarding Pharmacodynamics of Hydralazine (injection) in the drug label.
Pharmacokinetics
There is limited information regarding Pharmacokinetics of Hydralazine (injection) in the drug label.
Nonclinical Toxicology
Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
- In a lifetime study in Swiss albino mice, there was a statistically significant increase in the incidence of lung tumors (adenomas and adenocarcinomas) of both male and female mice given hydralazine continuously in their drinking water at a dosage of about 250 mg/kg per day (about 80 times the maximum recommended human dose). In a 2-year carcinogenicity study of rats given hydralazine by gavage at dose levels of 15, 30, and 60 mg/kg/day (approximately 5 to 20 times the recommended human daily dosage), microscopic examination of the liver revealed a small, but statistically significant, increase in benign neoplastic nodules in male and female rats from the high-dose group and in female rats from the intermediate-dose group. Benign interstitial cell tumors of the testes were also significantly increased in male rats from the high-dose group. The tumors observed are common in aged rats and a significantly increased incidence was not observed until 18 months of treatment. Hydralazine was shown to be mutagenic in bacterial systems (Gene Mutation and DNA Repair) and in one of two rats and one rabbit hepatocyte in vitro DNA repair studies.
- Additional in vivo and in vitro studies using lymphoma cells, germinal cells, and fibroblasts from mice, bone marrow cells from Chinese hamsters and fibroblasts from human cell lines did not demonstrate any mutagenic potential for hydralazine.
- The extent to which these findings indicate a risk to man is uncertain. While long-term clinical observation has not suggested that human cancer is associated with hydralazine use, epidemiologic studies have so far been insufficient to arrive at any conclusions.
Clinical Studies
There is limited information regarding Clinical Studies of Hydralazine (injection) in the drug label.
How Supplied
- Hydralazine Hydrochloride Injection USP, 20 mg/mL
- NDC 17478-834-01 1 mL Single-dose Vial Packaged in boxes of 10
- NDC 17478-834-15 1 mL Single-dose Vial Packaged in boxes of 25
- Storage: Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F).
Storage
There is limited information regarding Hydralazine (injection) Storage in the drug label.
Images
Drug Images
{{#ask: Page Name::Hydralazine (injection) |?Pill Name |?Drug Name |?Pill Ingred |?Pill Imprint |?Pill Dosage |?Pill Color |?Pill Shape |?Pill Size (mm) |?Pill Scoring |?NDC |?Drug Author |format=template |template=DrugPageImages |mainlabel=- |sort=Pill Name }}
Package and Label Display Panel
{{#ask: Label Page::Hydralazine (injection) |?Label Name |format=template |template=DrugLabelImages |mainlabel=- |sort=Label Page }}
Patient Counseling Information
There is limited information regarding Patient Counseling Information of Hydralazine (injection) in the drug label.
Precautions with Alcohol
- Alcohol-Hydralazine (injection) interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor about the effects of taking alcohol with this medication.[3]
Brand Names
- Apresoline®
Look-Alike Drug Names
- Apresoline® — Priscoline®[4]
- hydrALAZINE — hydrOXYzine[4]
Drug Shortage Status
Price
References
The contents of this FDA label are provided by the National Library of Medicine.
- ↑ Jensen, T. (1983-05). "Treatment with hydralazine in mild to moderate mitral or aortic incompetence". European Heart Journal. 4 (5): 306–312. ISSN 0195-668X. PMID 6617676. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (help); Check date values in:|date=(help) - ↑ McGoon, M. D. (1983-12). "Haemodynamic response to intravenous hydralazine in patients with pulmonary hypertension". British Heart Journal. 50 (6): 579–585. ISSN 0007-0769. PMC 481463. PMID 6652000. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (help); Check date values in:|date=(help) - ↑ "HYDRALAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE injection".
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "http://www.ismp.org". External link in
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