Smallpox natural history: Difference between revisions
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==Prognosis== | ==Prognosis== | ||
The prognosis of smallpox depends on the form of the disease: | The [[prognosis]] of [[smallpox]] depends on the form of the disease: | ||
===Variola major=== | ===Variola major=== | ||
====Ordinary smallpox==== | ====Ordinary smallpox==== | ||
* Fatality rate about 30% | * [[Fatality rate]] about 30% | ||
* In fatal cases, death usually occurs between the tenth and sixteenth days of the illness | * In fatal cases, death usually occurs between the tenth and sixteenth days of the illness | ||
* Unclear cause of death, however infection was known to involve multiple organs | * Unclear cause of death, however infection was known to involve multiple [[organs]] | ||
* Possible contributors include: | * Possible contributors include: | ||
:* Circulating [[immune complexes]] | :* Circulating [[immune complexes]] | ||
:* Severe [[viremia]] | :* Severe [[viremia]] | ||
:* Uncontrolled [[immune response]] | :* Uncontrolled [[immune response]] | ||
====Flat-type smallpox==== | ====Flat-type smallpox==== | ||
* Fatality rate about 90% | * [[Fatality rate]] about 90% | ||
* Cause of death commonly included: loss of fluids, electrolytes and protein, as well as severe sepsis | * Cause of death commonly included: loss of fluids, [[electrolytes]] and [[protein]], as well as severe [[sepsis]] | ||
====Hemorrhagic-type smallpox==== | ====Hemorrhagic-type smallpox==== | ||
* Fatality rate near 100%, usually between 6th and 7th day after the beginning of fever | * [[Fatality rate]] near 100%, usually between 6th and 7th day after the beginning of [[fever]] | ||
* Cause of death was often heart failure, or in late cases intense viremia, with severe platelet loss and weak immune response | * Cause of death was often [[heart failure]], or in late cases intense [[viremia]], with severe [[platelet]] loss and weak [[immune response]] | ||
===Variola minor=== | ===Variola minor=== | ||
* Fatality rate about ≤1% | * [[Fatality rate]] about ≤1% | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 17:44, 10 July 2014
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Smallpox Microchapters |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Case Studies |
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Smallpox natural history On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Smallpox natural history |
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Smallpox natural history |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Natural History
Complications
Common complications of smallpox include:
- Respiratory complications (viral or bacterial):
- Bronchitis
- Fatal pneumonia
- Secondary bacterial skin infection
- Encephalitis - 1 in 500 patients, commonly in adults
- Permanent pitted scars
- Eye problems - 2% of all cases; pustules can form on the eyelid, conjunctiva, and cornea, leading to:
- Conjunctivitis
- Keratitis
- Corneal ulcer
- Iritis
- Iridocylcitis
- Optic atrophy
- Blindness - occurs in 35% to 40% of eyes affected with keratitis and corneal ulcer
- Subconjunctival and retinal hemorrhages.
- Osteomyelitis - lesions are symmetrical, most common in the elbows, tibia, and fibula
- Arthritis may lead to limb deformities
- Ankylosis
Prognosis
The prognosis of smallpox depends on the form of the disease:
Variola major
Ordinary smallpox
- Fatality rate about 30%
- In fatal cases, death usually occurs between the tenth and sixteenth days of the illness
- Unclear cause of death, however infection was known to involve multiple organs
- Possible contributors include:
- Circulating immune complexes
- Severe viremia
- Uncontrolled immune response
Flat-type smallpox
- Fatality rate about 90%
- Cause of death commonly included: loss of fluids, electrolytes and protein, as well as severe sepsis
Hemorrhagic-type smallpox
- Fatality rate near 100%, usually between 6th and 7th day after the beginning of fever
- Cause of death was often heart failure, or in late cases intense viremia, with severe platelet loss and weak immune response
Variola minor
- Fatality rate about ≤1%