Ebola (patient information)

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Ebola
Overview
How does Ebola cause infection?
What are the symptoms?
What are the causes?
Who is at highest risk?
When to seek urgent medical care?
Diagnosis
Treatment options
Where to find medical care for Ebola?
What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?
Possible complications
Prevention
In case of an outbreak
Alternative names
Ebola On the Web
Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov
Images of Ebola
Videos on Ebola
FDA on Ebola
CDC on Ebola
Ebola in the news
Blogs on Ebola
Directions to Hospitals Treating Ebola
Risk calculators and risk factors for Ebola

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Ebola hemorrhagic fever is a severe and often deadly illness (death rate up to 90%) that can occur in humans and in primates (monkeys, gorillas). Ebola hemorrhagic fever has made worldwide news, first appearing in 1976, because of its destructive potential. Although the origin of the virus is not known, fruit bats are considered the likely host.

What causes Ebola?

Ebola hemorrhagic fever (Ebola fever) is caused by a virus belonging to the family called Filoviridae. Scientists have identified four types of the Ebola virus. Three have been reported to cause disease in humans: Ebola-Zaire virus, Ebola-Sudan virus, and Ebola-Ivory Coast virus. The human disease has so far been limited to parts of Africa. A very small number of people in the United States who were infected with the fourth type of the virus, known as Ebola Reston, did not develop any signs of disease. The disease can be passed to humans from infected animals and animal materials. Ebola can also be spread between humans by close contact with infected bodily fluids or through infected needles in the hospital. A person infected with Ebola is contagious from the moment he/she begins to show symptoms.

What are the symptoms of Ebola?

During the incubation period, which can last from 2 to 21 days, symptoms may include:

• Sudden onset of fever
• Chills
• Malaise
• Severe weakness

• Muscle pain
• Backache (low back pain)
• Headache

• Arthritis
• Sore throat
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Nausea
• Skin rash

Late symptoms include:

• Impaired kidney function

• Impaired liver function

• Internal and external bleeding, commonly:

• Bleeding from eyes, ears, and nose
• Bleeding from the mouth and rectum (gastrointestinal bleeding)

• Depression
• Eye inflammation (conjunctivitis)
• Genital swelling (labia and scrotum)
• Increased feeling of pain in skin
• Rash over the entire body that often contains blood (hemorrhagic)
• Roof of mouth looks red
• Seizures, coma, delirium

As many as 90% of patients die from the disease. Patients usually die from shock rather than from blood loss

Who is at highest risk?

Persons at an increased risk for Ebola include:

• If you have traveled to an area of the world where Ebola occurs frequently (such as Central Africa)
• Hospital staff/caregivers for patients with Ebola
• Family members or close contacts of infected people
• People who have close contact with the body of a deceased person, infected with ebola virus, during burial ceremonies
• Hunters in rain forests who contact with dead animals abandoned in the forest
• Research is being conducted to evaluate the risk of immunocompromised people or those with underlying diseases, to contacting the Ebola virus

When to seek urgent medical care?

A person should seek urgent medical care when:

• Has traveled to Africa
• Has been in an area known to have Ebola virus disease
• Has been in contact with another person who is known or suspected to have Ebola and is starting to show symptoms
• Has been exposed to Ebola fever
• Develops symptoms of the disorder.

Urgent medical care is fundamental to improve survival rate, as well as to control the spread of the disease. Early diagnosis and treatment may improve the chances of survival.

Infection control procedures need to be started promptly

Diagnosis

There may be signs and symptoms of:

• Coma
• Disseminated intravascular coagulation
• Shock

Ebola virus infection can only be identified through laboratory testing. Tests used to diagnose Ebola fever include:

• CBC, commonly showing:

• Low white blood cell count

• Low platelet count
• Elevated liver enzymes

• Electrolytes
• Tests of how well the blood will clot (coagulation studies)
• Tests to show whether someone has been exposed to the Ebola virus

Treatment options

Currently there is no specific treatment for Ebola fever, since current antiviral drugs do not work on the Ebola virus. The patient is usually hospitalized and will most likely need intensive care. For patients with the disease, the available supportive care measures include:

• Oral rehydration and/or intravenous fluids, with solutions containing electrolytes, for dehydrated patients
• Bleeding problems may require transfusions of platelets or fresh blood

To avoid the spread of the disease, patients who are suspected of being infected, or those who have the confirmed diagnosis, should be isolated and treated by healthcare practitioners, under strict infection control precautions.

Some patients will recover with the appropriate medical care.

Where to find medical care for Ebola?

Directions to Hospitals Treating Ebola

What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?

As many as 90% of patients die from the disease. Patients usually die from shock rather than blood loss.

Possible complications

Survivors may have hair loss and sensory changes.

Prevention

• Avoid areas in which there are epidemics
• Wear a gown, gloves, and mask around sick patients
• Protective measures at healthcare facilities, social gatherings and at home

Alternative names

Ebola virus infection; Viral hemorrhagic fever

Sources

http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001339.htm Template:WH Template:WS