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Revision as of 18:13, 11 July 2014

Penbutolol
LEVATOL ^® FDA Package Insert
Indications and Usage
Dosage and Administration
Contraindications
Warnings and Precautions
Adverse Reactions
Drug Interactions
Use in Specific Populations
Overdosage
Description
Clinical Pharmacology
Nonclinical Toxicology
How Supplied/Storage and Handling
Patient Counseling Information
Labels and Packages
Clinical Trials on Penbutolol
ClinicalTrials.gov

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sheng Shi, M.D. [2]

For patient information about Penbutolol, click here

Synonyms / Brand Names: LEVATOL^®

Overview

Penbutolol (Levatol, Levatolol, Lobeta, Paginol, Hostabloc, Betapressin) is a medication in the class of beta blockers, used in the treatment of high blood pressure. Penbutolol is able to bind to both beta-1 adrenergic receptors and beta-2 adrenergic receptors (the two subtypes), thus making it a non-selective β blocker [1]. Penbutolol is a sympathomimetic drug with properties allowing it to act as a partial agonist at β adrenergic receptors [2]. Penbutolol has also been found to be one of very few compounds that are 5-HT1A antagonists. 5-HT1A receptors are activated by serotonin, which have many different actions in different species. This makes it difficult to create generalizations about serotonin and its effects [1].

FDA Package Insert

Mechanism of Action

Penbutolol decreases plasma renin activity in normal subjects and in patients with essential and renovascular hypertension. The mechanisms of the antihypertensive actions of ß-receptor antagonists have not been established. However, factors that may be involved are: (1) competitive antagonism of catecholamines at peripheral adrenergic receptor sites (especially cardiac) that leads to decreased cardiac output; (2) a central nervous system (CNS) action that results in a decrease in tonic sympathetic neural outflow to the periphery; and (3) a reduction of renin secretion through blockade of ß-receptors involved in release of renin from the kidneys.

References

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __NOTOC__
-{{Labetalol}}
+{{Penbutolol}}
 {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{SS}}
-'''''For patient information about Labetalol oral, click [[Labetalol (patient information)|here]]'''''
+'''''For patient information about Penbutolol, click [[Penbutolol (patient information)|here]]'''''
-{{SB}} TRANDATE<sup>®</sup>（discontinued）NORMOZIDE<sup>®</sup>（discontinued）NORMODYNE<sup>®</sup>（discontinued）
+{{SB}} LEVATOL<sup>®</sup>
 ==Overview==
-'''Labetalol''' ('''Normodyne''', '''Trandate''', fixed combination with [[hydrochlorothiazide]]: '''Normozyde''') is an [[alpha blocker|alpha-1]] and[[beta blocker|beta adrenergic blocker]] used to treat [[hypertension|high blood pressure]].  It works by blocking these adrenergic receptors, which slows sinus [[heart]] rate, decreases peripheral vascular resistance.
-It has a particular indication in the treatment of [[pregnancy-induced hypertension]].
+'''Penbutolol''' ('''Levatol''', '''Levatolol''', '''Lobeta''', '''Paginol''', '''Hostabloc''', '''Betapressin''') is a [[medication]] in the class of [[beta blocker]]s, used in the treatment of [[hypertension|high blood pressure]]. Penbutolol is able to bind to both beta-1 adrenergic receptors and [[beta-2 adrenergic receptors]] (the two subtypes), thus making it a non-selective β blocker [1]. Penbutolol is a [[sympathomimetic drug]] with properties allowing it to act as a partial agonist at β adrenergic receptors [2]. Penbutolol has also been found to be one of very few compounds that are 5-HT1A antagonists. 5-HT1A receptors are activated by [[serotonin]], which have many different actions in different species. This makes it difficult to create generalizations about serotonin and its effects [1].
 ==Category==
 Cardiovascular Drugs:Beta blockers
 ==FDA Package Insert==
-===Labetalol Hydrochloride injection===
-'''| [[Labetalol injection indications and usage|Indications and Usage]]'''
-'''| [[Labetalol injection dosage and administration|Dosage and Administration]]'''
-'''| [[Labetalol injection dosage forms and strengths|Dosage Forms and Strengths]]'''
-'''| [[Labetalol injection contraindications|Contraindications]]'''
-'''| [[Labetalol injection warnings and precautions|Warnings and Precautions]]'''
-'''| [[Labetalol injection adverse reactions|Adverse Reactions]]'''
-'''| [[Labetalol injection drug interactions|Drug Interactions]]'''
-'''| [[Labetalol injection use in specific populations|Use in Specific Populations]]'''
-'''| [[Labetalol injection overdosage|Overdosage]]'''
-'''| [[Labetalol injection description|Description]]'''
-'''| [[Labetalol injection clinical pharmacology|Clinical Pharmacology]]'''
-'''| [[Labetalol injection nonclinical toxicology|Nonclinical Toxicology]]'''
-'''| [[Labetalol injection how supplied storage and handling|How Supplied/Storage and Handling]]'''
-'''| [[Labetalol injection patient counseling information|Patient Counseling Information]]'''
-'''| [[Labetalol injection labels and packages|Labels and Packages]]'''
-===Labetalol Hydrochloride tablet===
+'''| [[Penbutolol indications and usage|Indications and Usage]]'''
-'''| [[Labetalol tablet indications and usage|Indications and Usage]]'''
+'''| [[Penbutolol dosage and administration|Dosage and Administration]]'''
-'''| [[Labetalol tablet dosage and administration|Dosage and Administration]]'''
+'''| [[Penbutolol contraindications|Contraindications]]'''
-'''| [[Labetalol tablet dosage forms and strengths|Dosage Forms and Strengths]]'''
+'''| [[Penbutolol warnings and precautions|Warnings and Precautions]]'''
-'''| [[Labetalol tablet contraindications|Contraindications]]'''
+'''| [[Penbutolol adverse reactions|Adverse Reactions]]'''
-'''| [[Labetalol tablet warnings and precautions|Warnings and Precautions]]'''
+'''| [[Penbutolol drug interactions|Drug Interactions]]'''
-'''| [[Labetalol tablet adverse reactions|Adverse Reactions]]'''
+'''| [[Penbutolol use in specific populations|Use in Specific Populations]]'''
-'''| [[Labetalol tablet drug interactions|Drug Interactions]]'''
+'''| [[Penbutolol overdosage|Overdosage]]'''
-'''| [[Labetalol tablet use in specific populations|Use in Specific Populations]]'''
+'''| [[Penbutolol description|Description]]'''
-'''| [[Labetalol tablet overdosage|Overdosage]]'''
+'''| [[Penbutolol clinical pharmacology|Clinical Pharmacology]]'''
-'''| [[Labetalol tablet description|Description]]'''
+'''| [[Penbutolol nonclinical toxicology|Nonclinical Toxicology]]'''
-'''| [[Labetalol tablet clinical pharmacology|Clinical Pharmacology]]'''
+'''| [[Penbutolol how supplied storage and handling|How Supplied/Storage and Handling]]'''
-'''| [[Labetalol tablet nonclinical toxicology|Nonclinical Toxicology]]'''
+'''| [[Penbutolol patient counseling information|Patient Counseling Information]]'''
-'''| [[Labetalol tablet how supplied storage and handling|How Supplied/Storage and Handling]]'''
+'''| [[Penbutolol labels and packages|Labels and Packages]]'''
-'''| [[Labetalol tablet patient counseling information|Patient Counseling Information]]'''
-'''| [[Labetalol tablet labels and packages|Labels and Packages]]'''
 ==Mechanism of Action==
-The mechanism of action of the [[antihypertensive]] response of Labetalol has not been definitively established. Possible factors that may be involved include: (1) decreased heart rate, (2) decreased myocardial contractility, (3) diminution of tonic sympathetic outflow to the periphery from cerebral vasomotor centers, (4) suppression of renin activity and (5) vasodilation and decreased peripheral vascular resistance.
+Penbutolol decreases plasma renin activity in normal subjects and in patients with essential and renovascular hypertension. The mechanisms of the antihypertensive actions of ß-receptor antagonists have not been established. However, factors that may be involved are: (1) competitive antagonism of [[catecholamine]]s at peripheral adrenergic receptor sites (especially cardiac) that leads to decreased cardiac output; (2) a central nervous system (CNS) action that results in a decrease in tonic sympathetic neural outflow to the periphery; and (3) a reduction of renin secretion through blockade of ß-receptors involved in release of renin from the kidneys.
 ==References==
 {{Reflist|2}}
-[[Category:Beta blockers]]
 [[Category:Cardiovascular Drugs]]
 [[Category:Drugs]]
-{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
-{{WikiDoc Sources}}