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| __NOTOC__
| | #REDIRECT [[Acebutolol#Pharmacology]] |
| {{Acebutolol}}
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| {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{SS}}
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| ==Clinical Pharmacology==
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| Sectral is a cardioselective, β-adrenoreceptor blocking agent, which possesses mild intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA) in its therapeutically effective dose range.
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| ===Pharmacodynamics===
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| β1-cardioselectivity has been demonstrated in experimental animal studies. In anesthetized dogs and cats, Sectral is more potent in antagonizing isoproterenol-induced [[tachycardia]] (β1) than in antagonizing isoproterenol-induced vasodilatation (β2).In guinea pigs and cats, it is more potent in antagonizing this [[tachycardia]] than in antagonizing isoproterenol- induced bronchodilatation (β2). ISA of Sectral has been demonstrated in catecholamine-depleted rats by [[tachycardia]] induced by intravenous administration of this agent. A membrane-stabilizing effect has been detected in animals, but only with high concentrations of Sectral.
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| Clinical studies have demonstrated β1-blocking activity at the recommended doses by:
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| *a) reduction in the resting heart rate and decrease in exercise-induced [[tachycardia]];
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| *b) reduction in cardiac output at rest and after exercise;
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| *c) reduction of systolic and diastolic blood pressures at rest and postexercise;
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| *d) inhibition of isoproterenol-induced [[tachycardia]].
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| The β1-selectivity of Sectral has also been demonstrated on the basis of the following vascular and bronchial effects:
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| '''Vascular Effects''': Sectral has less antagonistic effects on peripheral vascular β2-receptors at rest and after [[epinephrine]] stimulation than nonselective β-antagonists.
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| '''Bronchial Effects''': In single-dose studies in asthmatics examining effects of various beta-blockers on pulmonary function, low doses of acebutolol produce less evidence of bronchoconstriction and less reduction of beta2 agonist, bronchodilating effects, than nonselective agents like [[propranolol]] but more than [[atenolol]].
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| ISA has been observed with Sectral in man, as shown by a slightly smaller (about 3 beats per minute) decrease in resting heart rate when compared to equivalent β-blocking doses of [[propranolol]], metoprolol or [[atenolol]]. Chronic therapy with Sectral induced no significant alteration in the blood lipid profile.
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| Sectral has been shown to delay AV conduction time and to increase the refractoriness of the AV node without significantly affecting sinus node recovery time, atrial refractory period, or the HV conduction time. The membrane-stabilizing effect of Sectral is not manifest at the doses used clinically.
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| Significant reductions in resting and exercise heart rates and systolic blood pressures have been observed 1.5 hours after Sectral administration with maximal effects occurring between 3 and 8 hours postdosing in normal volunteers. Sectral has demonstrated a significant effect on exercise-induced [[tachycardia]] 24 to 30 hours after drug administration.
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| There are significant correlations between plasma levels of acebutolol and both the reduction in resting heart rate and the percent of β-blockade of exercise-induced [[tachycardia]].
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| The antihypertensive effect of Sectral has been shown in double-blind controlled studies to be superior to placebo and similar to [[propranolol]] and hydrochlorothiazide. In addition, patients responding to Sectral administered twice daily had a similar response whether the dosage regimen was changed to once daily administration or continued on a b.i.d. regimen. Most patients responded to 400 to 800 mg per day in divided doses.
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| The antiarrhythmic effect of Sectral was compared with placebo, [[propranolol]], and [[quinidine]]. Compared with placebo, Sectral significantly reduced mean total ventricular ectopic beats ([[VEB]]), paired [[VEB]], multiform [[VEB]], R-on-T beats, and ventricular [[tachycardia]] ([[VT]]). Both Sectral and [[propranolol]] significantly reduced mean total and paired [[VEB]] and [[VT]]. Sectral and [[quinidine]] significantly reduced resting total and complex [[VEB]]; the antiarrhythmic efficacy of Sectral was also observed during exercise.
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| ===Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism===
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| Sectral is well absorbed from the GI tract. It is subject to extensive first-pass hepatic biotransformation, with an absolute bioavailability of approximately 40% for the parent compound. The major metabolite, an N-acetyl derivative (diacetolol), is pharmacologically active. This metabolite is equipotent to Sectral and in cats is more cardioselective than Sectral; therefore, this first-pass phenomenon does not attenuate the therapeutic effect of Sectral. Food intake does not have a significant effect on the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) of Sectral although the rate of absorption and peak concentration decreased slightly.
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| The plasma elimination half-life of Sectral is approximately 3 to 4 hours, while that of its metabolite, diacetolol, is 8 to 13 hours. The time to reach peak concentration for Sectral is 2.5 hours and for diacetolol, after oral administration of Sectral, 3.5 hours.
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| Within the single oral dose range of 200 to 400 mg, the kinetics are dose proportional. However, this linearity is not seen at higher doses, probably due to saturation of hepatic biotransformation sites. In addition, after multiple dosing the lack of linearity is also seen by AUC increases of approximately 100% as compared to single oral dosing. Elimination via renal excretion is approximately 30% to 40% and by nonrenal mechanisms 50% to 60%, which includes excretion into the bile and direct passage through the intestinal wall.
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| Sectral has a low binding affinity for plasma proteins (about 26%). Sectral and its metabolite, diacetolol, are relatively hydrophilic and, therefore, only minimal quantities have been detected in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
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| Drug interaction studies with [[tolbutamide]] and [[warfarin]] indicated no influence on the therapeutic effects of these compounds. [[Digoxin]] and [[hydrochlorothiazide]] plasma levels were not affected by concomitant Sectral administration. The kinetics of Sectral were not significantly altered by concomitant administration of hydrochlorothiazide, hydralazine, sulfinpyrazone, or oral contraceptives.
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| In patients with renal impairment, there is no effect on the elimination half-life of Sectral, but there is decreased elimination of the metabolite, diacetolol, resulting in a two- to three-fold increase in its half-life. For this reason, the drug should be administered with caution in patients with renal insufficiency (see PRECAUTIONS). Sectral and its major metabolite are dialyzable.
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| Sectral crosses the placental barrier and is secreted in breast milk.
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| In geriatric patients, the bioavailability of Sectral and its metabolite is increased, approximately two-fold, probably due to decreases in the first-pass metabolism and renal function in the elderly.
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| <ref name="dailymed.nlm.nih.gov">{{Cite web | last = | first = | title = SECTRAL (ACEBUTOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE) CAPSULE [PROMIUS PHARMA, LLC] | url = http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=7eee95bf-0452-4d6e-9712-33403768695a | publisher = | date = | accessdate = 3 February 2014 }}</ref>
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist|2}}
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| [[Category:Beta blockers]]
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| [[Category:Cardiovascular Drugs]]
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| [[Category:Drugs]]
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