Hepatitis E epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: João André Alves Silva, M.D. [2]
Overview
Prevalence
Incidence
Age
The rate of anti-HEV antibodies increases with age. According to a survey conducted in the US from 1988 to 1994, this rate can range from 10% (6 to 10 years) to 40% (>60 years).[1]
Gender
Pregnant Women
Although pregnant women have the same exposure to the virus as other people, due to their micronutrient status and cytokine levels, they are more prone to the severe form of the disease. [2]
Race
After adjusting to age, the rate of anti-HEV antibodies was noted to be higher in non-hispanic whites (22.1%) than among blacks (14.5%).[1]
Developed Countries
The rate of anti-HEV antibodies is lower than in developing countries. [2]
Developing Countries
Hepatitis E may occur either as a sporadic case, or as an epidemic disease. It is often caused by genotypes 1 (Asia) and 2 (Central America and Africa).[3] Anti-HEV antibodies were detected in 30 to 80% of adults.[2]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kuniholm MH, Purcell RH, McQuillan GM, Engle RE, Wasley A, Nelson KE (2009). "Epidemiology of hepatitis E virus in the United States: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994". J Infect Dis. 200 (1): 48–56. doi:10.1086/599319. PMC 2762746. PMID 19473098.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Hoofnagle JH, Nelson KE, Purcell RH (2012). "Hepatitis E." N Engl J Med. 367 (13): 1237–44. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1204512. PMID 23013075.
- ↑ Purcell RH, Emerson SU (2008). "Hepatitis E: an emerging awareness of an old disease". J Hepatol. 48 (3): 494–503. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2007.12.008. PMID 18192058.