West nile virus primary prevention

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Alejandro Lemor, M.D. [2]

Overview

Vaccines are not available for west nile virus infection. In the absence of a vaccine, prevention of WNV disease depends on community-level mosquito control programs to reduce vector densities, personal protective measures to decrease exposure to infected mosquitoes, and screening of blood and organ donors.

Primary Prevention

Vaccination

There is no vaccine available against west nile virus.

Integrated Vector Management (IVM)

• Mosquito abatement programs successfully employ integrated pest management (IPM) principles to reduce mosquito abundance, providing important community services to protect quality of life and public health.
• Prevention and control of WNV and other zoonotic arboviral diseases is accomplished most effectively through a comprehensive, integrated vector management (IVM) program applying the principles of IPM.
• IVM is based on an understanding of the underlying biology of the arbovirus transmission system, and utilizes regular monitoring of vector mosquito populations and WNV activity levels to determine if, when, and where interventions are needed to keep mosquito numbers below levels which produce risk of human disease, and to respond appropriately to reduce risk when it exceeds acceptable levels.
• Operationally, IVM is anchored by a monitoring program providing data that describe:

• Conditions and habitats that produce vector mosquitoes.
• Abundance of those mosquitoes over the course of a season.
• WNV transmission activity levels expressed as WNV infection rate in mosquito vectors.
• Parameters that influence local mosquito populations and WNV transmission.

• These data inform decisions about implementing mosquito control activities appropriate to the situation, such as:

• Source reduction through habitat modification.
• Larval mosquito control using the appropriate methods for the habitat.
• Adult mosquito control using pesticides applied from trucks or aircraft when established thresholds have been exceeded.
• Community education efforts related to WNV risk levels and intervention activities.

• Monitoring also provides quality control for the program, allowing evaluation of:

• Effectiveness of larval control efforts.
• Effectiveness of adult control efforts.
• Causes of control failures (e.g., undetected larval sources, pesticide resistance, equipment failure).

Surveillance Programs

• Effective IVM for WNV prevention relies on a sustained, consistent surveillance program that targets vector species.
• The objectives are to identify and map larval production sites by season, monitor adult mosquito abundance, monitor vector infection rates, document the need for control based on established thresholds, and monitor control efficacy.
• Surveillance can be subdivided into three categories based on the objective of the surveillance effort; these are: larval mosquito surveillance, adult mosquito surveillance and WWNV transmission activity.
• However, the surveillance elements are complementary, and in combination provide the information required for IVM decisions.

Surveillance Programs

Larval Mosquito Surveillance	Adult Mosquito Surveillance	WNV Transmission Activity
Involves identifying and sampling a wide range of aquatic habitats to identify the sources of vector mosquitoes, maintaining a database of these locations, and a record of larval control measures applied to each. This requires trained inspectors to identify larval production sites, collect larval specimens on a regular basis from known larval habitats, and to perform systematic surveillance for new sources. This information is used to determine where and when source reduction or larval control efforts should be implemented.	It is used to quantify relative abundance of adult vector mosquitoes, and to describe their spatial distribution. This process also provides specimens for evaluating the incidence of WNV infection in vector mosquitoes. Adult mosquito surveillance programs require standardized and consistent surveillance efforts in order to provide data appropriate for monitoring trends in vector activity, for setting action thresholds, and evaluating control efforts. Various methods are available for monitoring adult mosquitoes. Most frequently used in WNV surveillance are the CO2-baited CDC miniature-style light traps for monitoring host-seeking Culex tarsalis (and potential bridge vector species) and gravid traps to monitor Cx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. pipiens and Cx. restuans populations. Adult mosquito surveillance should consist of a series of collecting sites at which mosquitoes are sampled using both gravid and light traps on a regular schedule. Fixed trap sites allow monitoring of trends in mosquito abundance and virus activity over time and are essential for obtaining information to evaluate WNV risk and to guide control efforts.	Monitoring WNV transmission activity in the environment before human cases occur is an essential component of an IVM program to reduce WNV risk. Without this information, it is impossible to set thresholds for vector mosquito population management and to take appropriate action before an outbreak is in progress. WNV transmission activity can be monitored by tracking the WNV infection rate in vector mosquito populations, WNV-related avian mortality, seroconversion to WNV in sentinel chickens, seroprevalence/seroconversion in wild birds, and WNV veterinary (primarily horse) cases.
Adapted from West Nile Virus in the United States: Guidelines for Surveillance, Prevention, and Control

Mosquito Control Activities

• Integrated efforts to control mosquitoes are implemented to maintain vector populations below thresholds that would facilitate WNV amplification and increase human risk.
• Efforts to reduce the abundance of WNV-infected biting adult mosquitoes must be quickly implemented to prevent risk levels from increasing to the point of a human disease outbreak.
• Properly implemented, a program monitoring mosquito abundance and WNV activities in the vector mosquito population will provide a warning of when risk levels are increasing.
• Because of delays in onset of disease following infection, and delays related to seeking medical care, diagnosis, and reporting of human disease, WNV surveillance based on human case reports lags behind increases in risk and is not sufficiently sensitive to allow timely implementation of outbreak control measures.

Mosquito Control Activities

Larval Mosquito Control	Adult Mosquito Control
Adapted from West Nile Virus in the United States: Guidelines for Surveillance, Prevention, and Control

References

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