Sepsis causes
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Priyamvada Singh, M.D. [2]
Overview
The process of infection by bacteria or fungi can result in systemic signs and symptoms that are variously described. In rough order of severity, these are bacteremia or fungemia; septicemia; sepsis, severe sepsis or sepsis syndrome; septic shock; refractory septic shock; multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, and death. The condition develops as a response to certain microbial molecules which trigger the production and release of cellular mediators, such as tumor necrosis factors (TNF); these act to stimulate immune response.
Causes
Life Threatening Causes
Common Causes
Sepsis is caused by a bacterial infection that can begin anywhere in the body. Common places where an infection might start include:
- The bowel (usually seen with peritonitis)
- The kidneys (upper urinary tract infection or pyelonephritis)
- The lining of the brain (meningitis)
- The liver or the gall bladder (cholecystitis)
- The lungs (bacterial pneumonia)
- The skin (cellulitis)
- In children, sepsis may accompany infection of the bone (osteomyelitis).
- In hospitalized patients, common sites of infection include intravenous lines, surgical wounds, surgical drains, and sites of skin breakdown known as bedsores (decubitus ulcers).
Causes by Organ System
| Cardiovascular | Acute bacterial endocarditis, myocardial ring abscess, subacute bacterial endocarditis |
| Chemical / poisoning | No underlying causes |
| Dermatologic | No underlying causes |
| Drug Side Effect | caspofungin acetate, Cytarabine, Doxorubicin Hydrochloride, Pramipexole |
| Ear Nose Throat | Bronchitis, otitis media, pharyngitis, sinusitis |
| Endocrine | No underlying causes |
| Environmental | No underlying causes |
| Gastroenterologic | Abscess, esophagitis, gastritis, gastrointestinal bleeding, instrumentation, intestinal obstruction, pancreatitis, small intestine disorder |
| Genetic | No underlying causes |
| Hematologic | No underlying causes |
| Iatrogenic | No underlying causes |
| Infectious Disease | No underlying causes |
| Musculoskeletal / Ortho | Osteomyelitis, wound infections |
| Neurologic | Acute bacterial meningitis |
| Nutritional / Metabolic | No underlying causes |
| Obstetric/Gynecologic | No underlying causes |
| Oncologic | No underlying causes |
| Opthalmologic | No underlying causes |
| Overdose / Toxicity | No underlying causes |
| Psychiatric | No underlying causes |
| Pulmonary | Community-acquired pneumonia, empyema, lung abscess |
| Renal / Electrolyte | Acute prostatitis/abscess, catheter-associated bacteriuria, cervicitis, chronic kidney disease, cystitis, instrumentation, intranephric abscess or perinephric abscess, pyelonephritis, renal calculi, urethritis, urinary tract obstruction, vaginitis |
| Rheum / Immune / Allergy | No underlying causes |
| Sexual | No underlying causes |
| Trauma | No underlying causes |
| Urologic | No underlying causes |
| Miscellaneous | No underlying causes |
Causes in Alphabetical Order
- Anthrax
- Cytarabine
- Doxorubicin Hydrochloride
- Gangrene
- Gram negative bacteremia
- Lemierre syndrome
- Melioidosis
- Necrotizing enterocolitis
- Neisseria meningiditis
- Peritonitis
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Vibrio vulnificus