Meningitis causes

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Meningitis Main Page

Patient Information

Overview

Causes

Classification

Viral Meningitis
Bacterial Meningitis
Fungal Meningitis

Differential Diagnosis

Diagnosis

Treatment

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]; Mugilan Poongkunran M.B.B.S [3]

Overview

Most cases of meningitis are caused by microorganisms, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasite, that spread through blood and into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).[1] Non-infectious causes include cancer, systemic lupus erythematosus and certain drugs. The most common cause of meningitis is viral, and often runs its course within a few days. Bacterial meningitis is the second most frequent type and can be serious and life-threatening. Numerous microorganisms may cause bacterial meningitis, but Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae are the most common pathogens in patients without immune deficiency, with meningococcal disease being more common in children. Staphylococcus aureus may complicate neurosurgical operations, and Listeria monocytogenes is associated with poor nutritional state and alcoholicism. Haemophilus influenzae (type B) incidence has been much reduced by immunization in many countries. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (the causative agent of tuberculosis) rarely causes meningitis in Western countries but is common and feared in countries where tuberculosis is endemic.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome
Drug Side Effect Allopurinol, amoxicillin, antiepileptic drugs, azathioprine, cetuximab, ibuprofen, intravenous immunoglobulin, isoniazid, lamotrigine, methotrexate, NSAIDs, Oxaprozin, Pergolide, phenazopyridine, rofecoxib, Sulfasalazine, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, Ziconotide
Ear Nose Throat Cholesteatoma, otitis media, sinusitis
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Whipple's disease
Genetic Common variable immunodeficiency, X-linked agammaglobulinemia
Hematologic Kikuchi disease, X-linked agammaglobulinemia
Iatrogenic Transsphenoidal surgery
Infectious Disease Acanthamoeba, Actinomyces, Acinetobacter, adenovirus, Angiostrongylus cantonensis, anthrax, arboviruses, Aspergillus, bacteremia, Bacteroides, Bartonellosis, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Borrelia burgdorferi, Brucella, Burkholderia pseudomallei, California encephalitis virus, campylobacter, candida, Chagas disease, chicken pox, Chlamydia, Citrobacter koseri, coagulase-negative staphylococci, Coccidioides immitis, Colorado tick fever, coxsackie A virus, coxsackie B virus, Cryptococcus neoforman, cytomegalovirus, eastern equine encephalitis virus, echovirus, Ehrlichiosis, enteroviruses, epidural abscess, Epstein Barr virus, Escherichia coli, flavivirus, gram-negative bacilli, Haemophilus influenzae, herpes simplex type II, herpes simplex type I, Histoplasma capsulatum, human immunodeficiency virus, influenza virus, Klebsiella, Leptospira, Listeria monocytogenes, Lyme disease, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, malaria, measles, mumps virus, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Naegleria fowleri, neisseria meningitidis, Nocardia, Non-Group B streptococci, otitis media, parainfluenza, Pasteurella multocida, Pasteurella stomatis, poliovirus, Powassan encephalitis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, rabies virus, Rat-bite fever, relapsing fever, Rickettsia, rocky mountain spotted fever, roseola, rotavirus, rubella, Salmonella, Schistosomiasis, Serratia, Serratia marcescens, simian herpes B virus, sinusitis, Sporothrix schenckii, St. Louis encephalitis virus, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus suis, subdural abscess, syphilis, Toxoplasma gondii, Treponema pallidum, Trichinosis, Trypanosomiasis, tuberculous meningitis, typhoid fever, varicella zoster virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, west nile virus, western equine encephalitis virus, Yersinia pestis
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic Epidural abscess, leptomeningeal metastasis, meningeal carcinomatosis, subdural abscess
Nutritional/Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic Leptomeningeal metastasis, meningeal carcinomatosis
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Behcet's disease, complement deficiency, Kawasaki disease, sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Head injury, skull fracture
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Post-vaccination

Causes in Alphabetical Order


References

  1. ↑ Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed. ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 876&ndash, 9. ISBN 0838585299.
  2. ↑ Chi M, Kim HJ, Haug S, Vagefi R, Kersten RC (2014). "Acute eosinophilic meningitis and orbital inflammation from presumed angiostrongyliasis". Can J Ophthalmol. 49 (3): e65–7. doi:10.1016/j.jcjo.2014.02.011. PMID 24862785.
  3. ↑ Maniyar F, Rooney C, Lily O, Bazaz R (2009). "Anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome presenting as aseptic meningitis". J Neurol. 256 (7): 1190–1. doi:10.1007/s00415-009-5089-3. PMID 19330481.
  4. ↑ Starkey J, Moritani T, Kirby P (2014). "MRI of CNS Fungal Infections: Review of Aspergillosis to Histoplasmosis and Everything in Between". Clin Neuroradiol. doi:10.1007/s00062-014-0305-7. PMID 24870817.
  5. ↑ Feinstein TM, Gibson MK, Argiris A (2009). "Cetuximab-induced aseptic meningitis". Ann Oncol. 20 (9): 1609–10. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdp382. PMID 19643807.
  6. ↑ Rodrigues J, Rocha D, Santos F, João A (2014). "Neonatal Citrobacter koseri Meningitis: Report of Four Cases". Case Rep Pediatr. 2014: 195204. doi:10.1155/2014/195204. PMC 3971854. PMID 24716069.
  7. ↑ Sloan DJ, Parris V (2014). "Cryptococcal meningitis: epidemiology and therapeutic options". Clin Epidemiol. 6: 169–182. doi:10.2147/CLEP.S38850. PMC 4026566. PMID 24872723.
  8. ↑ Neal JW (2014). "Flaviviruses are neurotropic , but how do they invade the CNS ?". J Infect. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2014.05.010. PMID 24880028.
  9. ↑ Jolles S, Sewell WA, Leighton C (2000). "Drug-induced aseptic meningitis: diagnosis and management". Drug Saf. 22 (3): 215–26. PMID 10738845.
  10. ↑ Agnihotri SP, Wuthrich C, Dang X, Nauen D, Karimi R, Viscidi R; et al. (2014). "A fatal case of JC virus meningitis presenting with hydrocephalus in an HIV-seronegative patient". Ann Neurol. doi:10.1002/ana.24192. PMID 24895208.
  11. ↑ Khishfe BF, Krass LM, Nordquist EK (2014). "Kikuchi disease presenting with aseptic meningitis". Am J Emerg Med. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2014.03.029. PMID 24746858.
  12. ↑ Almeida SM, Nogueira Kda S, Palmeiro JK, Scheffer MC, Stier CJ, França JC; et al. (2014). "Nosocomial meningitis caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae producing carbapenemase, with initial cerebrospinal fluid minimal inflammatory response". Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 72 (5): 398–9. PMID 24863522.
  13. ↑ Simms KM, Kortepeter C, Avigan M (2012). "Lamotrigine and aseptic meningitis". Neurology. 78 (12): 921–7. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e31824c4634. PMID 22357718.
  14. ↑ Chamberlain M, Soffietti R, Raizer J, Rudà R, Brandsma D, Boogerd W; et al. (2014). "Leptomeningeal metastasis: a Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology critical review of endpoints and response criteria of published randomized clinical trials". Neuro Oncol. doi:10.1093/neuonc/nou089. PMID 24867803.
  15. ↑ Hoppmann RA, Peden JG, Ober SK (1991). "Central nervous system side effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Aseptic meningitis, psychosis, and cognitive dysfunction". Arch Intern Med. 151 (7): 1309–13. PMID 2064481.
  16. ↑ Foguem C (2014). "Rare Case of Catastrophic Diffuse Hemorrhage Complicating Sepsis and Meningitis Due to Pasteurella stomatis in an Elderly Woman Mimicking Hemorrhagic Septicemia". J Am Med Dir Assoc. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2014.04.008. PMID 24895000.
  17. ↑ Riedmann EM (2014). "Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics: news". Hum Vaccin Immunother. 10 (1): 3–6. doi:10.4161/hv.28052. PMID 24832716.
  18. ↑ Schwartz KL, Richardson SE, Ward KN, Donaldson C, Macgregor D, Banwell B; et al. (2014). "Delayed Primary HHV-7 Infection and Neurologic Disease". Pediatrics. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-3344. PMID 24819578.
  19. ↑ Lombardi D, Malaspina S, Strippoli A, Lucarelli C, Luzzi I, Ripabelli G (2014). "Salmonella enterica serovar Virchow meningitis in a young man in Italy: a case report". J Med Case Rep. 8 (1): 139. doi:10.1186/1752-1947-8-139. PMC 4031895. PMID 24884674.
  20. ↑ Ersoz G, Uguz M, Aslan G, Horasan ES, Kaya A (2014). "Outbreak of meningitis due to Serratia marcescens after spinal anaesthesia". J Hosp Infect. 87 (2): 122–5. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2014.03.004. PMID 24814159.
  21. ↑ Gómez-Zorrilla S, Ardanuy C, Lora-Tamayo J, Cámara J, García-Somoza D, Peña C; et al. (2014). "Streptococcus suis Infection and Malignancy in Man, Spain". Emerg Infect Dis. 20 (6). doi:10.3201/eid2006.131167. PMC 4036790. PMID 24856779.
  22. ↑ Yoon KW, Cho CS, Lee SK (2014). "Large intracranial aneurysm after transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary macroadenoma". J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 55 (3): 160–3. doi:10.3340/jkns.2014.55.3.160. PMC 4024817. PMID 24851153.
  23. ↑ Escalante A, Stimmler MM (1992). "Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxasole induced meningitis in systemic lupus erythematosus". J Rheumatol. 19 (5): 800–2. PMID 1613713.
  24. ↑ Van Vu Q, Wada T, Le HT, Le HT, Van Nguyen AT, Osamu O; et al. (2014). "Clinical and mutational features of Vietnamese children with X-linked agammaglobulinemia". BMC Pediatr. 14 (1): 129. doi:10.1186/1471-2431-14-129. PMID 24885015.


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