Acrocyanosis causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ogheneochuko Ajari, MB.BS, MS [2]

Overview

Acrocyanosis results from central or local tissue oxygenation defects^[1]. Acrocyanosis could be caused by both primary and secondary to neurologic, psychiatric, autoimmune, infective, metabolic or other causes, and the treatment depends on the underlying cause.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Atheromatous embolism, Buerger's disease, chronic orthostatic intolerance, erythromelalgia, myocardial infarction, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, pulmonary arteriovenous malformation, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension, Sneddon syndrome, Takayasu arteritis
Chemical / poisoning	Arsenic poisoning, Butyl nitrate
Dermatologic	Acrocyanosis of infancy, black foot disease, Buerger's disease, ethylmalonic encephalopathy, fucosidosis, livedoid vasculopathy, remittent idiopathic necrotizing acrocyanosis, scleroderma, sulfhemoglobinemia, Van Bogaert-Hozay syndrome, waldenström macroglobulinemia, wegener's granulomatosis
Drug Side Effect	Amiodarone, Amphotericin B deoxycholate, butyl nitrate, butyl nitrite, desipramine, fluoxetine, gemcitabine, imipramine, interferon 2 alpha, metoclopramide, phenazopyridine, tolazoline, tricyclic antidepressants, vasopressors
Ear Nose Throat	Wegener's granulomatosis, Van Bogaert-Hozay syndrome
Endocrine	Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, carcinoid syndrome, POEMS syndrome
Environmental	Cold exposure, high altitude
Gastroenterologic	Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, carcinoid syndrome, fucosidosis, Sandifer syndrome, scleroderma, Waldenström macroglobulinemia
Genetic	Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome, Asperger disease, DiGeorge syndrome, erythromelalgia, ethylmalonic aciduria, ethylmalonic encephalopathy, familial spastic paraplegia, fucosidosis, genetic, mitochondrial disease
Hematologic	Antiphospholipid syndrome, carcinoid syndrome, Castleman's disease, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, cold agglutinin disease, cryoglobulinemia, essential thrombocytopenia, methemoglobinemia, paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria, polycythemia, pulmonary embolism, secondary polycythemia, sulfhemoglobinemia, Waldenström macroglobulinemia
Iatrogenic	No underlying causes
Infectious Disease	Congenital syphilis, cytomegalovirus, HIV, infectious mononucleosis, influenza virus infection, listeriosis, mumps, mycoplasma, parvovirus B19 infection, psittacosis, secondary syphilis
Musculoskeletal / Ortho	Antiphospholipid syndrome, brachial plexus neuropathy, Buerger's disease, erythromelalgia, fucosidosis, Klippel-Feil syndrome, puffy hand syndrome, stroke,remittent idiopathic necrotizing acrocyanosis, scalenus anterior syndrome, supernumerary cervical rib, Van Bogaert-Hozay syndrome, Waldenström macroglobulinemia
Neurologic	Adolescent chronic fatigue syndrome, Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome, antiphospholipid syndrome, apnea, Asperger disease, brachial plexus neuropathy, cervical plexus compression neuropathy, ergotism, erythromelalgia, ethylmalonic aciduria, ethylmalonic encephalopathy, familial spastic paraplegia, mitochondrial disease, POEMS syndrome, Sandifer syndrome, Sneddon syndrome, spinal cord injury, stroke, thoracic outlet syndrome, tonic-clonic seizure, Van Bogaert-Hozay syndrome, vegetative dystonia
Nutritional / Metabolic	Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, ethylmalonic aciduria, fucosidosis
Obstetric/Gynecologic	Antiphospholipid syndrome,ovarian cancer
Oncologic	Burkitt's lymphoma, carcinoid syndrome, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin lymphoma, malignancy, ovarian cancer, paraneoplastic disorder, Waldenström macroglobulinemia
Opthalmologic	Atheromatous embolism, Van Bogaert-Hozay syndrome, Waldenström macroglobulinemia, Wegener's granulomatosis
Overdose / Toxicity	Ergotism
Psychiatric	Adolescent chronic fatigue syndrome, anorexia nervosa, asperger disease, bulimia nervosa, neurocirculatory asthenia, schizophrenia, Van Bogaert-Hozay syndrome
Pulmonary	Pickwickian syndrome, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, pulmonary arteriovenous malformation, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension, scleroderma, Waldenström macroglobulinemia, Wegener's granulomatosis
Renal / Electrolyte	Hyperoxaluria type 1, oxalosis, scleroderma, Waldenström macroglobulinemia, Wegener's granulomatosis
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	Adolescent chronic fatigue syndrome, antiphospholipid syndrome, Buerger's disease, Castleman's disease, CREST syndrome, cryoglobulinemia, DiGeorge syndrome, livedoid vasculopathy, mixed connective tissue disorder, paraneoplastic disorder, paraproteinemia, Raynaud's phenomenon, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, Sneddon syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, Wegener's granulomatosis
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	No underlying causes
Urologic	No underlying causes
Dental	Wegener's granulomatosis
Miscellaneous	Black foot disease, high altitude, idiopathic

Causes in Alphabetical Order

Polycythemia
Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome
Psittacosis
Puffy hand syndrome
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation
Pulmonary embolism
Pulmonary hypertension
Raynaud's phenomenon
Remittent idiopathic necrotizing acrocyanosis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Sandifer syndrome
Scalenus anterior syndrome
Schizophrenia
Scleroderma
Secondary polycythemia
Secondary syphilis
Sneddon syndrome
Spinal cord injury
Stroke
Sulfhemoglobinemia
Sulfhemoglobinemia
Supernumerary cervical rib
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Systemic sclerosis
Takayasu arteritis
Thoracic outlet syndrome
Tolazoline
Tonic-clonic seizure
Tricyclic antidepressants
Van Bogaert-Hozay syndrome
Vasopressors
Vegetative dystonia
Waldenström macroglobulinemia
Wegener's granulomatosis

References

↑ Das S, Maiti A (2013). "Acrocyanosis: an overview". Indian J Dermatol. 58 (6): 417–20. doi:10.4103/0019-5154.119946. PMC 3827510. PMID 24249890.CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
↑ Pavlou E, Augoustides-Savvopoulou P, Gregersen N, Haas D, Gkampeta A, Athanassiadou-Piperopoulou F (2013). "An infant with ethylmalonic encephalopathy masquerading as a hematologic disorder". J Child Neurol. 28 (5): 668–71. doi:10.1177/0883073812449070. PMID 22805253.
↑ Gayraud M (2007). "Raynaud's phenomenon". Joint Bone Spine. 74 (1): e1–8. doi:10.1016/j.jbspin.2006.07.002. PMID 17218139.

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[pmid24249890-1] Das S, Maiti A (2013). "Acrocyanosis: an overview". Indian J Dermatol. 58 (6): 417–20. doi:10.4103/0019-5154.119946. PMC 3827510. PMID 24249890.CS1 maint: PMC format (link)

[pmid22805253-2] Pavlou E, Augoustides-Savvopoulou P, Gregersen N, Haas D, Gkampeta A, Athanassiadou-Piperopoulou F (2013). "An infant with ethylmalonic encephalopathy masquerading as a hematologic disorder". J Child Neurol. 28 (5): 668–71. doi:10.1177/0883073812449070. PMID 22805253.

[pmid17218139-3] Gayraud M (2007). "Raynaud's phenomenon". Joint Bone Spine. 74 (1): e1–8. doi:10.1016/j.jbspin.2006.07.002. PMID 17218139.

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