Rotavirus infection historical perspective
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Synonyms and keywords:
Selected outbreaks
[[
Image:Rotavirus seasonal distribution.png|left|thumb|The seasonal variation of rotavirus A infections in a region of England: rates of infection peak during the winter months.]] Literature references can be found at the links below.
| Country | Rate or range | Published | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vietnam | 1 in 61 to 1 in 113 | 2006 | [1] |
| Bangladesh | 1 in 390 to 1 in 660 | 2007 | [2] |
| Venezuela | 1 in 1800 | 2007 | [3] |
| European Union | 1 in 20433 | 2006 | [4] |
| United States | 1 in 21675 | 2007 | [5] |
Outbreaks of group A rotavirus diarrhea are common among hospitalized infants, young children attending day care centers, and elderly persons in nursing homes. Among adults, multiple foods served in banquets were implicated in 2 outbreaks. An outbreak due to contaminated municipal water occurred in Colorado, 1981.
Several large outbreaks of group B rotavirus involving millions of persons as a result of sewage contamination of drinking water supplies have occurred in China since 1982. Although to date outbreaks caused by group B rotavirus have been confined to mainland China, seroepidemiological surveys have indicated lack of immunity to this group of virus in the U.S. Recent studies led to the identification of group B rotavirus occurring at a sporadic frequency in Calcutta, India and subsequently from other Asian countries as well. Thus, group B rotavirus infection may be more common than presumed earlier, but studies on this pathogen are very limited. Group B rotaviruses are difficult to isolate and cannot be easily adapted to cell culture, a property that precludes their detailed analysis.
The newly recognized group C rotavirus has been implicated in rare and isolated cases of gastroenteritis. However, it was associated with three outbreaks among school children: one in Japan, 1989, and two in England, 1990.
During 2005 the largest recorded outbreak in Nicaragua occurred. This unusual large and severe outbreak was probably due to a mutation in the rotavirus A genome, possibly helping the virus evade the prevalent immunity in the population which had no protection against this type.
For more information on recent outbreaks see the CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports.
References
- ↑ Anh DD, Thiem VD, Fischer TK, Canh DG, Minh TT, Tho le H, Van Man N, Luan le T, Kilgore P, von Seidlein L, Glass RI (2006). "The burden of rotavirus diarrhea in Khanh Hoa Province, Vietnam: baseline assessment for a rotavirus vaccine trial". Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 25 (1): 37–40. PMID 16395100.
- ↑ Tanaka G, Faruque AS, Luby SP, Malek MA, Glass RI, Parashar UD (2007). "Deaths from rotavirus disease in Bangladeshi children: estimates from hospital-based surveillance". Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 26 (11): 1014–8. doi:10.1097/INF.0b013e318125721c. PMID 17984808.
- ↑ Pérez-Schael I, Salinas B, González R, Salas H, Ludert JE, Escalona M, Alcalá A, Rosas MA, Materán M (2007). "Rotavirus mortality confirmed by etiologic identification in Venezuelan children with diarrhea". Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 26 (5): 393–7. doi:10.1097/01.inf.0000260252.48129.86. PMID 17468648.
- ↑ Soriano-Gabarró M, Mrukowicz J, Vesikari T, Verstraeten T (2006). "Burden of rotavirus disease in European Union countries". Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 25 (1 Suppl): S7–S11. PMID 16397431.
- ↑