Borrelia
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Borrelia afzelii |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Borrelia is a genus of bacteria of the spirochete class. It is a zoonotic, vector-borne disease transmitted primarily by ticks and some by lice, depending on the species. There are 37 known species of Borrelia.
Borreliosis (Lyme disease)
Of the 37 known species of Borrelia, 12 of these species are known to cause Lyme disease or borreliosis and are transmitted by ticks. The major Borrelia species causing Lyme disease are Borrelia burgdorferi, Borrelia afzelii, Borrelia garinii and Borrelia valaisiana.
Relapsing fever
Other Borrelia species cause relapsing fever such as Borrelia recurrentis, caused by the human body louse. No animal reservoir of B. recurrentis exists. Lice that feed on infected humans acquire the Borrelia organisms that then multiply in the gut of the louse. When an infected louse feeds on an uninfected human, the organism gains access when the victim crushes the louse or scratches the area where the louse is feeding. B. recurrentis infects the person via mucous membranes and then invades the bloodstream.
Other tick-borne relapsing infections are acquired from other species, such as Borrelia hermsii or Borrelia Parkeri, which can be spread from rodents, and serve as a reservoir for the infection, via a tick vector. Borelia hermsii and Borrelia recurrentis cause very similar diseases although the disease associated with Borrelia hermsii has more relapses and is responsible for more fatalities, while the disease caused by B. recurrentis has longer febrile and afebrile intervals and a longer incubation period.
Gallery
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!["Black-legged ticks", Ixodes scapularis, also referred to as I. dammini, are found on a wide rage of hosts. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [1]](/images/0/0e/Borrelia43.jpeg)
"Black-legged ticks", Ixodes scapularis, also referred to as I. dammini, are found on a wide rage of hosts. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [1]
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![Female “Lone star tick” From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [1]](/images/5/54/Borrelia42.jpeg)
Female “Lone star tick” From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [1]
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![Dorsal view of the “soft tick” Carios kelleyi. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [1]](/images/1/11/Borrelia41.jpeg)
Dorsal view of the “soft tick” Carios kelleyi. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [1]
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![Dorsal view of the “soft tick” Carios kelleyi. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [1]](/images/3/36/Borrelia40.jpeg)
Dorsal view of the “soft tick” Carios kelleyi. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [1]
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![White tail deer during a Lyme disease field investigation. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [1]](/images/2/26/Borrelia39.jpeg)
White tail deer during a Lyme disease field investigation. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [1]
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![White-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus, which is a host of ticks thatare known to carry the bacteria, Borrelia burgdorferi, responsible for Lyme disease. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [1]](/images/3/37/Borrelia38.jpeg)
White-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus, which is a host of ticks thatare known to carry the bacteria, Borrelia burgdorferi, responsible for Lyme disease. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [1]
!["Black-legged ticks", Ixodes scapularis, also referred to as I. dammini, are found on a wide rage of hosts. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [1]](/index.php/File:Borrelia43.jpeg)
![Female “Lone star tick” From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [1]](/index.php/File:Borrelia42.jpeg)
![Dorsal view of the “soft tick” Carios kelleyi. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [1]](/index.php/File:Borrelia41.jpeg)
![Dorsal view of the “soft tick” Carios kelleyi. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [1]](/index.php/File:Borrelia40.jpeg)
![White tail deer during a Lyme disease field investigation. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [1]](/index.php/File:Borrelia39.jpeg)
![White-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus, which is a host of ticks thatare known to carry the bacteria, Borrelia burgdorferi, responsible for Lyme disease. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [1]](/index.php/File:Borrelia38.jpeg)
Treatment
Antimicrobial Regimen
- 1. Tick-Borne Relapsing Fever [2]
- Preferred regimen: Doxycycline 100 mg PO bid for 5-10 days
- Alternative regimen: Erythromycin 500 mg PO qid for 5-10 days
- Note: If meningitis/encephalitis present, use Ceftriaxone 2 g IV q12h for 14 days
- 2. Louse-Borne Relapsing Fever
- Preferred regimen: Tetracycline 500 mg PO single dose
- Alternative regimen: Erythromycin 500 mg PO single dose
External links
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 "Public Health Image Library (PHIL)".
- ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.