Non-Hodgkin lymphoma overview
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sowminya Arikapudi, M.B,B.S. [2]
Overview
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) describes a group of cancers arising from lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. It is distinct from Hodgkin lymphoma in its pathologic features, epidemiology, common sites of involvement, clinical behavior, and treatment. The non-Hodgkin lymphomas are a diverse group of diseases with varying courses, treatments, and prognosis.
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma may develop in any organ associated with the lymphatic system (e.g. spleen, lymph nodes, or tonsils). Most cases start with infiltration of lymph nodes, but some subtypes may be restricted to other lymphatic organs.
The diagnosis of non-Hodgkin lymphoma requires a biopsy of involved tissue. The numerous subtypes of non-Hodgkin lymphoma are typically grouped into three distinct categories based on their aggressiveness, or histologic grade. These categories are indolent(or low-grade), aggressive (or intermediate-grade), and highly aggressive (or high-grade). The treatment of indolent or low-grade lymphoma may initially involve a period of observation, while aggressive or highly aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma is typically treated with chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy.
Classification
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma may be classified according to updated REAL / WHO classification into 2 groups: B-cell neoplasms and T-cell and putative NK-cell neoplasms. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma may be classified based on rate of growth into 2 Groups: low-grade or indolent lymphoma and high-grade or aggressive lymphoma.
Causes
There are no established causes for Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
Risk Factors
The known risk factors in the development of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma are weakened immune system, autoimmune disorders, certain infections and previous cancer treatment. Other possible risk factors include family history of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, exposure to pesticides, exposure to trichloroethylene, diet, obesity, hair dyes, and occupational exposures.