Carcinoma of the penis overview
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Editor(s)-in-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Phone:617-632-7753; Joel Gelman, M.D. [2], Director of the Center for Reconstructive Urology and Associate Clinical Professor in the Department of Urology at the University of California,Irvine
Overview
Classification
Carcinoma of the penis may be classified according to cell types into several subtypes: squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, lymphoma, and sarcoma.
Pathophysiology
On gross pathology, scaly patches or nodules, erythematous, and ulceration are characteristic findings of carcinoma of the penis. On microscopic histopathological analysis, keratinization and intercellular bridges are characteristic findings of carcinoma of the penis.
Epidemiology and Demographics
The incidence of carcinoma of the penisis approximately 1 per 100,000 men in the United States.
Risk Factors
Common risk factors in the development of penile cancer are human papillomavirus, phimosis, poor genital hygiene, not being circumcised, weakened immune system, smoking, and treatment for psoriasis.
Screening
There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for penile cancer.
Causes
Penile cancer is caused by an infection with human papillomavirus.
Differential Diagnosis
Penile cancer must be differentiated from condyloma acuminata, penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PeIN), balanitis xerotica obliterans, buschke-Lowenstein tumour, bowenoid papulosis, and leukoplakia.
Prognosis
Prognosis is generally good, and the 5-year survival rate of patients with penile cancer is approximately 67%. The prognosis varies with the stage of tumor; Stages 0–II have the most favorable prognosis.