Ependymoma natural history
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ahmad Al Maradni, M.D. [2]
Overview
Complication
Common complications associated with ependymomas are:
Prognosis
Unfavorable factors affecting outcome include the following:[1]
- Gain of chromosome 1q25 is present in approximately 20% of pediatric intracranial ependymoma cases and has been reported as a negative prognostic factor by multiple research groups.[2][3]
- Gene expression profile.[4][5]
- Other factors that have been reported to be associated with poor prognosis for pediatric ependymoma include expression of the enzymatic subunit of telomerase (hTERT) and expression of the neural stem cell marker Nestin.[6]
- Tumor location. Cranial variants of ependymoma have a less favorable outcome than primary spinal cord ependymomas.[19,20] Location within the spinal cord may also affect outcome, with tumors in the lower portion of the spinal cord having a worse prognosis.[7]
- Younger age at diagnosis.[8]
- Anaplastic histology.[8][9]
- Subtotal resection.[8]
- Lower doses of radiation.[10]
- Immunohistochemical testing has identified increased expression of markers of proliferation (e.g., Ki-67 and MIB-1)[11][12] and increased expression of EZH2, a polycomb complex protein involved in epigenetic regulation of gene expression, as prognostic factors for greater risk of treatment failure.[13]
References
- ↑ Eoendymoma. http://www.cancer.gov/types/brain/hp/child-ependymoma-treatment-pdq#section/_35 URL Accessed on 10 6 2015.
- ↑ Godfraind C, Kaczmarska JM, Kocak M, Dalton J, Wright KD, Sanford RA; et al. (2012). "Distinct disease-risk groups in pediatric supratentorial and posterior fossa ependymomas". Acta Neuropathol. 124 (2): 247–57. doi:10.1007/s00401-012-0981-9. PMC 3554251. PMID 22526017.
- ↑ Mendrzyk F, Korshunov A, Benner A, Toedt G, Pfister S, Radlwimmer B; et al. (2006). "Identification of gains on 1q and epidermal growth factor receptor overexpression as independent prognostic markers in intracranial ependymoma". Clin Cancer Res. 12 (7 Pt 1): 2070–9. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-2363. PMID 16609018.
- ↑ Koval TM, Myser WC, Hink WF (1975). "Effects of x-irradiation on cell division, oxygen consumption, and growth medium pH of an insect cell line cultured in vitro". Radiat Res. 64 (3): 524–32. PMID 727-38 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Sloane NH (1975). "alpha-Naphthoflavone activation of 6-hydroxymethylbenzo(alpha)pyrene synthetase". Cancer Res. 35 (12): 3731–4. PMID 143-57 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Allam AM, Hussein AM, Ragab AM (1975). "Amylase of the thermophilic actinomycete Thermomonospora vulgaris". Z Allg Mikrobiol. 15 (6): 393–8. PMID 848-60 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Nozaki M (1975). "[Combined use of bucolome and pyrazolone derivatives (II). Complex formation due to interaction between bucolome and pyrazolones]". Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi. 71 (6): 631–9. PMID 282-8 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 White F (1975). "Epidemiology and infection control". Dimens Health Serv. 52 (12): 34, 37, 39. PMID 1303-12 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Hunter AL, Klaassen CD (1975). "Biliary excretion of colchicine in newborn rats". Drug Metab Dispos. 3 (6): 530–5. PMID 1230-7 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Davison C, Benziger D, Fritz A, Edelson J (1975). "Absorption and disposition of 2-[4-(2,2-dichlorocyclopropyl)phenoxy]-2-methylpropanoic acid, WIN 35,833, in rats, monkeys, and men". Drug Metab Dispos. 3 (6): 520–4. PMID 1228-35 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Davis JM (1975). "Overview: maintenance therapy in psychiatry: I. Schizophrenia". Am J Psychiatry. 132 (12): 1237–45. PMID 914-20 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Nilsson SF, Peterson PA (1975). "Studies on thyroid hormone-binding proteins. I. The subunit structure of human thyroxine-binding globulin and its interaction with ligands". J Biol Chem. 250 (21): 8543–53. PMID 388-95 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Ezer E, Szporny L (1975). "A complementary method for the quantitative evaluation of rat stomach with Shay-ulcer". J Pharm Pharmacol. 27 (11): 866–7. PMID 1499-507 Check
|pmid=value (help).