Thyroid adenoma overview
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ammu Susheela, M.D. [2]
Overview
- This section is the general overview statement for the disease. It should include the name of the main page in the first sentence.
- This section will be an overview statement of all the overview statements below it.
- It should not contain any synonyms or keywords (as these should be at the top of the page listed next to Synonyms and keywords:).
- It should be aimed to be written at a medical student or intern level of understanding. To view an example of an overview section on an overview page, click here.
Historical Perspective
Thyroid adenoma was first discovered by Fabricious, in 1619 when he described that thyroid enlargement causes mid line neck swelling
Classification
Thyroid adenoma may be classified according to histology into 3 subtypes/groups: follicular adenoma, papillary adenoma, and signet cell adenoma.
Pathophysiology
Thyroid adenoma arises from epithelial cells of thyroid gland, that are normally involved in secretion of thyroxine hormone. The most common gene involved in the pathogenesis of thyroid adenoma is THADA gene.
Causes
Common causes of thyroid adenoma include iodine deficiency, chronic inflammation, and genetic mutation of THADA gene
Differentiating thyroid adenoma from other Conditions
Thyroid adenoma must be differentiated from other thyroid disorders such as [[multinodular goiter, grave's disease, Hashimoto's disease, medullary cell carcinoma, De Quervain's thyroiditis, thyroid lymphoma, and acute suppurative thyroiditis.
Epidemiology and Demographics
The incidence of thyroid adenoma is estimated to be 9 million cases annually in United States. Females are more commonly affected with thyroid adenoma than males.
Risk Factors
Common risk factors in the development of thyroid adenoma are family history, exposure to radiation, lack of iodine in diet, smoking, and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Depending on the extent of the tumor at the time of diagnosis, the prognosis may vary. However, the prognosis is generally regarded as excellent.
Diagnosis
History and Symptoms
The hallmark of thyroid adenoma is swelling infront of neck. A positive history of radiation exposure and family history of thyroid adenoma is suggestive of thyroid adenoma. The most common symptoms thyroid adenoma include cough and hoarseness of voice.
Physical Examination
Patients with thyroid adenoma usually appear normal. Physical examination of patients with thyroid adenoma is usually remarkable for solitary non tender nodule in the midline of neck, which is smooth, soft, and mobile.
Laboratory Findings
Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of thyroid adenoma include decreased thyroid stimulating hormone, elevated calcitonin, and decreased calcium.
Ultrasound
On ultrasound, thyroid adenoma is characterized by halo sign or smooth margin of thyroid, hyperechoic nodules, and normal reactive cervical nodes.
Other Imaging Findings
Other diagnostic studies for thyroid adenoma include thyroid scan, which demonstrates hot, cold, and functioning nodule.
Treatment
- Treatment describes the various, most commonly used methods in treating the disease you are describing.
- This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence.
- The overview of the treatments for a disease should ideally be written after the main treatment microchapter is written, to summarize the key points of the microchapter. It can be the same as the overview statement found on the main risk factors microchapter for the disease.
Medical Therapy
- Medical therapy describes all non-surgical therapies that are provided for the patient.
- This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence followed by the indication to treat the patient (if applicable) and the name of the therapy.
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Surgery
- Surgery describes all surgeries and therapeutic procedures that are provided for the patient.
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Prevention
- Prevention describes all strategies that prevent from the occurrence of the disease. Prevention may be either primary (prevent occurrence of the disease), secondary (diagnose and treat existent disease in early stages), tertiary (reduce the negative impact of extant disease), and quaternary (methods to avoid results of unnecessary interventions). At least primary and secondary prevention are usually discussed in each chapter.
- This section should contain the name of the disease you are describing in the first sentence. The availability or lack of vaccine availability of a vaccine against the disease should be clearly written. Other strategies for the prevention of the disease should be outlined and classified as either primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary.
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