Epiglottitis causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Alonso Alvarado, M.D. [2]; Ogheneochuko Ajari, MB.BS, MS [3]

Overview

The most commonly isolated organisms of acute epiglottitis include Haemophilus influenzae,^[1] Streptococcus pneumoniae, beta-hemolytic streptococci, and staphylococcus aureus. Other pathogens such as escherichia coli, candida albicans, or kingella kingae may be encountered in immunocompromised hosts.

Causes

Prior to the introduction of Haemophilus influenza type b vaccine, H. influenza was the common culprit of epiglottitis. In recent literature, group A [beta]-hemolytic Streptococci is more commonly observed to be the cause. The disease used to be mostly found in pediatric age group of 3 to 5 years. However, recent trend favors adults as most commonly affected individuals.^[2]

Life-Threatening Causes

Life-threatening conditions may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. Epiglottitis is a life-threatening condition and must be treated as such irrespective of the causes.

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning	Chloramines in pool water, smoking illicit drugs
Dental	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect	No underlying causes
Ear Nose Throat	Vallecular cyst
Endocrine	No underlying causes
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	Gastroesophageal reflux
Genetic	Hereditary angioedema
Hematologic	Bone marrow transplantation
Iatrogenic	Laryngeal mask airway, tonsillectomy complication
Infectious Disease	Aeromonas hydrophilia, aspergillus, bacteroides melaninogenicus, beta-hemolytic streptococcus, candida albicans, citrobacter diversus, cytomegalovirus, eikenella corrodens, enterobacter cloacae, Epstein-Barr virus, escherichia coli, fusobacterium, haemophilus influenzae, haemophilus parainfluenzae, herpes simplex virus, histoplasma capsulatum, influenza B virus, kingella kingae, klebsiella pneumoniae, moraxella catarrhalis, mycobacterium tuberculosis, neisseria meningitidis, parainfluenza virus, pasteurella multocida, peptostreptococcus, propionibacterium, pseudomonas aeruginosa, serratia marcescens, staphylococcus aureus, stomatococcus mucilaginosus, streptococcus pneumoniae, streptococcus pyogenes, streptococcus viridans, streptococcus milleri, varicella-zoster virus, vibrio vulnificus
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic	No underlying causes
Neurologic	No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic	No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic	No underlying causes
Oncologic	Laryngeal lymphangioma
Ophthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	Foreign body ingestion
Renal/Electrolyte	No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy	Allergic reactions
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	Foreign body ingestion, thermal injury
Urologic	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	Blind finger sweep, caustic ingestion, chloramines in pool water, hot water ingestion, Foreign body ingestion, smoking illicit drugs, thermal injury, vallecular cyst

Causes in Alphabetical Order

3

References

↑ Trollfors B, Nylén O, Strangert K (1990). "Acute epiglottitis in children and adults in Sweden 1981-3". Arch Dis Child. 65 (5): 491–4. PMC 1792127. PMID 2357085.
↑ Lichtor JL, Roche Rodriguez M, Aaronson NL, Spock T, Goodman TR, Baum ED (2016). "Epiglottitis: It Hasn't Gone Away". Anesthesiology. 124 (6): 1404–7. doi:10.1097/ALN.0000000000001125. PMID 27031010.

[pmid2357085-1] Trollfors B, Nylén O, Strangert K (1990). "Acute epiglottitis in children and adults in Sweden 1981-3". Arch Dis Child. 65 (5): 491–4. PMC 1792127. PMID 2357085.

[pmid27031010-2] Lichtor JL, Roche Rodriguez M, Aaronson NL, Spock T, Goodman TR, Baum ED (2016). "Epiglottitis: It Hasn't Gone Away". Anesthesiology. 124 (6): 1404–7. doi:10.1097/ALN.0000000000001125. PMID 27031010.

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