Sporotrichosis pathophysiology
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Alison Leibowitz [2]
Overview
Pathophysiology
Transmission
- S. schenckii is usually transmitted to the human host via posttraumatic inoculation. However, sporotrichosis may also develop as a result of spore inhalation, although this mode of transmission is infrequent.
- Modes of transmission either lead to direct inoculation or enable the entry of the fungus.
- Actions, such as handling thorny plants, sphagnum moss, bales of hay, or any plant or plant product that can cause skin trauma, may enable S. schenckii entry.
Pathogenesis
- The pathophysiology of sporotrichosis depends on the histological subtype and the frequently nonspecific histopathology may mimic other granulomatous diseases.[1]
- S. schenckii is capable of modulating the immune response to promote its own survival by blocking cytokine production by macrophages.[2]
Cutaneous forms
- S. schecknii accesses the subcutaneous tissue following minor epidermal trauma.
- S. schecknii, a thermo-dependent fungus, converts into its yeast form upon entering the tissue.
- Fixed form
- The yeast form of S. schenckii stays localized in subcutaneous tissue
- Lymphocutaneous form
- The yeast form of S. schenckii extends through the nearby lymphatic vessels
- Disseminated cutaneous form
- Manifests upon the hematogenous dissemination of the yeast form of S. schenckii.
Extracutaneous/Systematic Forms
- Osteoarticular form
- May manifest upon contiguity or hematogenous spread.
- Pulmonary form
- Manifests following inhalation of S. schenckii spores
- Disseminated form
- Manifests upon the hematogenous dissemination of the yeast form of S. schenckii.[3]
References
- ↑ Mahajan VK (2014). "Sporotrichosis: an overview and therapeutic options". Dermatol Res Pract. 2014: 272376. doi:10.1155/2014/272376. PMC 4295339. PMID 25614735.
- ↑ Carlos IZ, Sassá MF, da Graça Sgarbi DB, Placeres MC, Maia DC (July 2009). "Current research on the immune response to experimental sporotrichosis". Mycopathologia. 168 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1007/s11046-009-9190-z. PMID 19241140.
- ↑ Barros MB, de Almeida Paes R, Schubach AO (2011). "Sporothrix schenckii and Sporotrichosis". Clin Microbiol Rev. 24 (4): 633–54. doi:10.1128/CMR.00007-11. PMC 3194828. PMID 21976602.