Sandbox: ATL
Host susceptibility
Vertical infection with HTLV-1 as infant
Attained at an age of >50 years
Male sex
HLA-A*26, HLA-B*4002, HLA-B*4006, and HLA-B*4801 (Japanese ATL)
Co-infected with Strongyloides stercoralis
Laboratory markers
A high level of sil-2R, more than 500 U/ml
A high level of anti-HTLV-1, titer more than × 1,024
A high level of circulating abnormal lymphocytes, more than 0.6%
A low level of of anti-Tax reactivity
A high level of white blood cell count, more than 9,000/μL
Viral markers
A higher HTLV-1 proviral load level, more than 4 copies per 100 PBMCs