Tumors of the bone
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Maria Fernanda Villarreal, M.D. [2]
Overview
Bone tumors are generally defined as the neoplastic growth of tissue in bone. Abnormal growths found in the bone can be benign or malignant. Bone tumors may be classified as "primary tumors", which originate in bone or from bone-derived cells and tissues, and "secondary tumors" which originate in other sites and metastasize to the skeleton.[1] Carcinomas of the prostate, breasts, lungs, thyroid, and kidneys are the carcinomas that most commonly metastasize to bone. Secondary malignant bone tumors are more common than primary bone cancers. The most common symptom of bone tumors is pain, which will gradually increase over time. The pain increases with the growth of the tumor. Additional symptoms may include fatigue, fever, weight loss, anemia, and/or sudden bone fractures. In some cases, bone tumors may be asymptomatic. Bone tumors may weaken the structure of the bone, causing pathologic fractures.[2]
Classification
According to World Health Organization, bone tumors can be divided into primary and secondary. Primitive bony tumors are classified using histo-genetic criteria and malignancy anatomic-clinical criteria. The table below summarizes the findings that differentiate bone tumors according to location, age histological features, imaging features, and tumor origin.[3]
[4]
For more details about each specific type of bone tumor, click on the links in blue in the table below.
| Type of tumor | Age | Location | Histological features | Imaging features | Origin | Bone/Cartilage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Osteoma | 40-50 years | Skull bones | Matured lamellar bone | Sclerotic | Benign | Bone |
| Osteoid osteoma | 10-20 years | Short and long bone diaphysis | Osteiod outlined by osteoblasts, incorporated in a fibrous stroma | Sclerotic | Benign | Bone |
| Osteosarcoma | 11-40 years | Long bones metaphysis | Osteoid and bone formed of malignant osteoblasts and fibroblasts | Sclerotic | Malignant | Bone |
| Chondroma | 30-60 years | Small tubular bones of the hands and feet | Maturated hyaline cartilage (enchondroma/ecchondroma), preserving lobulation | Well-defined | Malignant | Cartilage |
| Chondrosarcoma | 30-60 years | Long bones metaphysic, axial skeleton | Immature cartilage, no preserving lobulation, cells arranged in groups of two or four, with atypia and mitosis | Well-defined | Malignant | Cartilage |
| Ewing sarcoma | 5-25 years | Long bones diaphysis | Small, round, undifferentiated cells, no stroma, a lot of capillary arrangement. | Ill-defined | Malignant | Bone |
| Giant cell tumor | 20-40 years | Knee | Multinucleated giant cells, fusiform cells, mononuclear cells. | Well-defined | Malignant | Bone |
| Metastases | 50-90 years | No site predilection | Frequently adenocarcinomas. Metastases can be blastic or lytic depending on the tumor origin | Sclerotic | Malignant | Bone |
References
- ↑ Henk Jan van der Woude and Robin Smithuis. Bone tumor - Systematic approach and Differential diagnosis. Radiology assistant. http://www.radiologyassistant.nl/en/p494e15cbf0d8d/bone-tumor-systematic-approach-and-differential-diagnosis.html Accessed on February 2, 2016
- ↑ "Questions and Answers about Bone Cancer" (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
- ↑ Bone tumors. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_tumor Accessed on February 2, 2016
- ↑ Alina Maria Sisu. On the Bone Tumours: Overview, Classification, Incidence, Histopathological Issues, Behavior and Review Using Literature Data. http://www.intechopen.com/books/histopathology-reviews-and-recent-advances/on-the-bone-tumours-overview-classification-incidence-histopathological-issues-behavior-and-review Accessed on February 2, 2016