Parotitis pathophysiology
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Luke Rusowicz-Orazem, B.S.
Overview
The pathophysiology of parotitis is dependent upon the cause. Viral parotitis is caused by the infiltration of respiratory droplets containing the mumps virus. The mumps HN and F glycoproteins reach the surface of the infected host cell through the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex. Virions emerge from the infected cells due to the M protein facilitating the localization of the viral ribonucleic proteins onto the host cell membrane. Both HN and F glycoproteins mediate the fusion of virus and host cell, as well as cell and cell-membrane fusion, to perpetuate the spread of the virus throughout the host. The virus replicates in the nasopharynx and regional lymph nodes. Upon replication, viremia occurs for three to five days, spreading to the salivary glands. Parotitis results from the inflammatory response tp the presence of mumps virus in the parotid salivary gland. Bacterial parotitis is most commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus.
Pathogenesis
Viral Parotitis
- Viral parotitis is caused by the infiltration of respiratory droplets containing the mumps virus.[1]
- Mumps virus is a member of the paramyoxoviridae family with a single-strand, negative-sense RNA molecule.
- The mumps HN and F glycoproteins reach the surface of the infected host cell through the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex.[2]
- Virions emerge from the infected cells due to the M protein facilitating the localization of the viral ribonucleic proteins onto the host cell membrane.[2]
- The virus binds with the neighboring host cells via sialic acid through HN glycoprotein.[2]
- Both HN and F glycoproteins mediate the fusion of virus and host cell, as well as cell and cell-membrane fusion, to perpetuate the spread of the virus throughout the host.[2]
- The virus replicates in the nasopharynx and regional lymph nodes.[2]
- Upon replication, viremia occurs for three to five days, spreading to the salivary glands.[2]
- The parotid gland particularly susceptible to parotitis due to the lower rate of secretion.[3]
- Parotitis results from the inflammatory response to the presence of mumps virus in the parotid salivary gland.
Bacterial Parotitis
- Bacterial parotitis is most commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, a gram-positive coccal bacterium often found in the respiratory tract.
- Staphylococcus aureus infects the host through skin to skin or skin to surface contact with an infected individual or object.
References
- ↑ Conly J, Johnston B (2007). "Is mumps making a comeback?". Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 18 (1): 7–9. PMC 2542890. PMID 18923686.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Rubin S, Eckhaus M, Rennick LJ, Bamford CG, Duprex WP (2015). "Molecular biology, pathogenesis and pathology of mumps virus". J. Pathol. 235 (2): 242–52. doi:10.1002/path.4445. PMC 4268314. PMID 25229387.
- ↑ Chitre VV, Premchandra DJ (1997). "Recurrent parotitis". Arch. Dis. Child. 77 (4): 359–63. PMC 1717350. PMID 9389246.
- ↑ Fábián TK, Hermann P, Beck A, Fejérdy P, Fábián G (2012). "Salivary defense proteins: their network and role in innate and acquired oral immunity". Int J Mol Sci. 13 (4): 4295–320. doi:10.3390/ijms13044295. PMC 3344215. PMID 22605979.