Orbital cellulitis physical examination
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Tarek Nafee, M.D. [2]
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Overview
Patients with orbital cellulitis usually appear ill. Physical examination of patients with orbital cellulitis is usually remarkable for fever, proptosis, ophthalmoplegia, and impaired visual acuity. Patients should undergo a complete physical examination, paying particular attention to general appearance, vital signs, visual acuity, visual field, orbital positioning, ocular movmements, oropharynx, and nasopharynx examinations.
Physical Examination
Patients with orbital cellulitis usually appear ill. Physical examination of patients with orbital cellulitis is usually remarkable for fever, proptosis, ophthalmoplegia, and impaired visual acuity.The physical examination should assess:(EYE WIKI)
- Vital signs
- Best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA)
- Color vision assessment
- Proptosis measurements using Hertel exophthalmometry
- Visual field assessment
- Assessment of pupillary function with particular attention paid to the presence of a relative afferent pupillary defect(rAPD)
- Ocular motility and presence of pain with eye movements.Also, there might be involvement of the III, IV, and VI cranial nerve in cases of cavernous sinus involvement
- Orbit exam should include documentation of direction of displacement of globe
- Measurement of intraocular pressure (IOP)
- Slit-lamp test in cases of severe proptosis
- Dilated fundus exam to exclude optic neuropathy or retinal vascular occlusion.
- Nasal sinus examination
- Otoscopy for presence of otitis media
- Oral examination for oropharyngeal infection and dentition
Signs
After a complete and thorough physical examination, patients with orbital cellulitis may present with some or all of the following signs:
General Appearance
Patients with orbital cellulitis usually appear ill and have marked inflammation and edema of the periorbital area.
Vital Signs
Patients with orbital cellulitis may have the following vital signs:
Skin
Patients with orbital cellulitis usually have the following skin findings:
HEENT
Patients with orbital cellulitis may have the following HEENT findings on physical examination:
Head
Patients with orbital cellulitis may present with the following signs:
- Evidence of recent orbital or head trauma or surgery (e.g. scars, injuries, etc.)
- Evidence of recent insect bites
Neck
Patients with orbital cellulitis may present with tender cervical lymph nodes.
Eyes
Patients with orbital cellulitis may present with some or all the following signs:
- Periorbital edema and erythema
- Proptosis
- Ophthalmoplegia
- Restricted or painful ocular movements
- Reduced visual acuity
- Increased intraocular pressure (IOP)
- Displacement of the globe
- Diminished visual field
- Signs of orbital trauma, or periorbital surgery (scars, injuries)
- Signs of periorbital insect bites
Ear
Patients with orbital cellulitis may present with signs of inner or middle ear infection:
- Erythema, edema and discharge present on otoscopy
- Reduced hearing
- Children may show signs of "tugging" on the affected ear
Nose
Patients with orbital cellulitis may present with:
- Nasal purulent discharge
- Erythema and edema of the nares, nasopharynx and sinuses.
- Painful sinuses upon applying pressure
Throat/Oral
Patients with orbital cellulitis may present with
- Erythematous oropharynx
- Exudative tonsils
- Dental caries
- Tooth abscess
Lung
Patients with orbital cellulitis may present wheezing or coughing, indicating upper respiratory tract infection.