Blepharitis historical perspective
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sara Mehrsefat, M.D. [2]
Overview
Blepharitis was first described in the 19th century as a "conjunctivitis meibomianae".
Historical Perspective
The terminology for blepharitis has evolved alongside the discovery of its pathophysiology and treatment. Early terms used to describe related meibomian gland conditions include ophthalmia tarsi, puriform palpebral flux, polyadenitis meibomiana chronica suppurativa, conjunctivitis meibomianae, meibomian seborrhea, keratitis meibomiana, seborrheic blepharoconjunctivitis, meibomian keratoconjunctivitis, meibomianitis, meibomitis, and meibomian gland dysfunction.
The earliest description of blepharitis dates back to 1894, when Lydston reported the clinical entity "conjunctivitis meibomianae" in a patient with accumulated sebaceous-like material in the meibomian glands.[1]
In 1901, Maklahoff reported a case characterized by dilated meibomian gland openings with pus formation in the glands.[2]
In 1908, Elschnig described the symptom of meibomian gland hypersecretion which could be relieved by emptying of the glands and the use of astringents.[3]
In 1921, Gifford isolated Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus xerosis from meibomian gland cultures of young and elderly individuals, respectively.[4] This finding suggested that colonization of microorganisms in the meibomian glands may play a role in the pathogenesis.
In 1946, Thygeson proposed a classification of blepharitis based on the etiology: 1) seborrheic, 2) staphylococcal, 3) mixed seborrheic and staphylococcal, and 4) blepharitis due to Hemophilus duplex.[5]
The lack of uniformity of classification of blepharitis further confused study of the subject. Since that time, meibomian
gland dysfunction has become the term most com- monly used for disorders affecting the meibomian glands.
- Blepharitis was first described in the 19th century as a conjunctivitis meibominae and meibomian seborrhea.[6]
- In 1946, a combination of antimicrobial therapy and eyelid hygiene was first used by Phillips Thygeson, M.D.[7][8]
References
- ↑ LYDSTON, JAMES A. "CONJUNCTIVITIS MEIBOMIANÆ." Journal of the American Medical Association 23.6 (1894): 241-242.
- ↑ Maklahoff, AA. "Zur Bactderchron eitrigen Entzund der Gland Meib des Lides." Arch fur Augenheilkd. 1901;13:10.
- ↑ Elschnig, A. "Beitrag zur Aethiologie und Therapie der cronischen Konjunctivitis." Deuts Med Wochenschr 26 (1908): 1133-1135.
- ↑ Gifford, Sanford R. "The etiology of chronic meibomitis." American Journal of Ophthalmology 4.8 (1921): 566-570.
- ↑ Thygeson, Phillips. "Etiology and treatment of blepharitis: a study in military personnel." Archives of Ophthalmology 36.4 (1946): 445-477.
- ↑ Lemp MA, Nichols KK (2009). "Blepharitis in the United States 2009: a survey-based perspective on prevalence and treatment". Ocul Surf. 7 (2 Suppl): S1–S14. PMID 19383269.
- ↑ THYGESON P, VAUGHAN DG (1954). "Seborrheic blepharitis". Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 52: 173–88. PMC 1312591. PMID 13274422.
- ↑ THYGESON P (1946). "Etiology and treatment of blepharitis; a study in military personnel". Arch Ophthal. 36 (4): 445–77. PMID 21002032.