Typhoid fever overview
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Typhoid fever, also known as enteric fever and Salmonella typhi infection,[1] is an illness caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar typhi. Common worldwide, it is transmitted by the fecal-oral route — the ingestion of food or water contaminated with feces from an infected person.[2] The bacteria then multiply in the blood stream of the infected person and are absorbed into the digestive tract and eliminated with the waste.
Historical perspective
Around 430–426 B.C., a devastating plague, which some believe to have been typhoid fever, killed one third of the population of Athens, including their leader Pericles. A 2006 study detected DNA sequences similar to those of the bacterium responsible for typhoid fever.[3] Other scientists have disputed the findings, citing serious methodologic flaws in the dental pulp-derived DNA study.[4]The most notorious carrier of typhoid fever—but by no means the most destructive—was Mary Mallon, also known as Typhoid Mary. In 1907, she became the first American carrier to be identified and traced. She was a cook in New York; some believe she was the source of infection for several hundred people. She is closely associated with forty-seven cases and three deaths.In 1897, Almroth Edward Wright developed an effective vaccine. Antibiotics were introduced in clinical practice in 1942, greatly reducing mortality.
Classification
Pathophysiology
Causes
Differentiating typhoid fever from other diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk factors
Screening
Natural history and complications
Diagnosis
History and Symptoms
Physical Examination
Laboratory Findings
X Ray
CT
MRI
Ultrasound
Other Imaging Findings
Other Diagnostic Studies
References
- ↑ Kotton C. Typhoid fever. MedlinePlus. URL: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001332.htm. Accessed on: May 4, 2007.
- ↑ Giannella RA (1996). "Salmonella". Baron's Medical Microbiology (Baron S et al, eds.) (4th ed. ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 0-9631172-1-1.
- ↑ Papagrigorakis MJ, Yapijakis C, Synodinos PN, Baziotopoulou-Valavani E (2006). "DNA examination of ancient dental pulp incriminates typhoid fever as a probable cause of the Plague of Athens". Int J Infect Dis. 10 (3): 206–14. PMID 16412683}.
- ↑ Shapiro B, Rambaut A, Gilbert M (2006). "No proof that typhoid caused the Plague of Athens (a reply to Papagrigorakis et al.)". Int J Infect Dis. 10 (4): 334–5, author reply 335–6. PMID 16730469.