Syphilis pathophysiology
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
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Overview
Syphilis is caused by a spirochete, treponema pallidum. It has an incubation period of 3 - 12 weeks. Spirochete penetrates intact mucous membrane or microscopic dermal abrasions and rapidly enters systemic circulation with the central nervous system being invaded during the early phase of infection. The meninges and blood vessels are initially involved with the brain parenchyma and spinal cord being involved in the later stages of the disease. The histopathological hallmark findings are endarteritis and plasma cell-rich infiltrates reflecting a delayed-type of hypersensitivity to the spirochete
Pathogenesis
Pathogenesis of syphilis may be described in the following steps:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]
Transmission
Treponema pallidum is usually transmitted via direct contact with the infected lesion (sexual contact) or blood transfusion (rare).
Incubation
Incubation period varies with the size of innoculum (9-90 days)
Dissemination
- Following transmission, the Trepenoma Pallidum uses the intact or abraded mucous membrane to enter the body.
- After entering the body, it may disseminate to lymphatics and blood stream to gain access to any organ of the body.
- It uses fibronectin molecules to attach to endothelial surface of vessels in organs resulting in inflammation and obliteration of small blood vessels causing vasculitis (end arteritis obliterans).
- Organism has slow replication rate (30-33 hrs) and evades initial host immune response resulting in local infection.
- Initial infection called primary syphilis resolves in few weeks due to cellular host immune response.
Seeding
- Few weeks to months after initial infection, it disseminates to other parts of body resulting in constitutional sytmptoms and characteristic rash called secondary syphilis.
- It may seed to different organs of the body esp cardiovascular system and central nervous system resulting in tertiary syphilis.
Immune response
- Different stages of syphilis results from interaction between antigen and host immune response.
- Initial infection in primary syphilis is limited due to Th1 response and lack of antibody response.
- It is speculated that there is a shift from Th1 to Th2 response during secondary syphilis.
- Cyototxic T cells and incomplete humoral response is mainly responsible for persistence of infection and tissue damage in tertiary syphilis.
- Ineffective type 4 delayed hypersensitivity reaction containing macrophages and sensitized T cells is mainly responsible for gumma formation in various organs.
Pathogenesis of chronic infection in syphilis
- Lack of immunogenic molecules in outer sheath of Treponema Pallidum
- Insufficient humoral immune response.
- Downregulation of Th1 response and shift to Th2 immune response in secondary and tertiary syphilis.
- Decreased strength of delayed hypersensitivity reaction(HIV)
Genetics
There is no known genetic association of syphilis.
Associated conditions
Syphilis is associated with increased transmission of HIV. The underlying mechanism may be related to accumulation of dendritic cells containing CCR5 co receptors at the site of infection, the same receptor entity binding HIV.
Gross pathology
Gross pathology
Microscopic pathology
On microscopic histopathological analysis, characteristic findings of syphilis depends on the stage of the disease:
Primary syphilis
- Mononuclear leukocytic infiltration, macrophages, and lymphocytes
- Swelling and proliferation of small blood vessels
Secondary syphilis
- Swelling and dilatation of blood vessels in the dermis
- Epidermal hyperplasia and neutrophilic infiltration
- Inflammatory cell infiltrate predominantly plasma cell
Tertiary syphilis
- Small vessel inflammation (end arteritis obliterans)
- Granulomatous lesions (gumma) containing central necrosis, inflammatory cells such as lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells and fibroblasts.
- Syphilis can not be contracted through toilet seats, daily activities, hot tubs, or sharing eating utensils or clothing.[11]
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- There may be a symmetrical reddish-pink non-itchy rash on the trunk and extremities.[12]
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Typical presentation of secondary syphilis rash on the palms of the hands and usually also seen on soles of feet
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Condyoma lata (syphilis secondary)
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Electron micrograph of Treponema pallidum
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Syphilis lesions on a patient's back
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Syphilis lesions on a patient's chest
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Chancres on the penile shaft due to a primary syphilitic infection
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Secondary syphilis manifested perineal condylomata lata lesions, which presented as gray, raised papules that sometimes appear on the vulva or near the anus, or in any other warm intertriginous region.
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Gumma of the nose due to long standing tertiary syphilis
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- General paresis[13], otherwise known as general paresis of the insane, is a severe manifestation of neurosyphilis.
- Imaging of the brain usually shows atrophy.
Microscopic Pathology
Brain: Gumma of Syphilis
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Brain: Paresis (syphilis)
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References
- ↑ Carlson JA, Dabiri G, Cribier B, Sell S (2011). "The immunopathobiology of syphilis: the manifestations and course of syphilis are determined by the level of delayed-type hypersensitivity". Am J Dermatopathol. 33 (5): 433–60. doi:10.1097/DAD.0b013e3181e8b587. PMC 3690623. PMID 21694502.
- ↑ Fitzgerald TJ (1992). "The Th1/Th2-like switch in syphilitic infection: is it detrimental?". Infect Immun. 60 (9): 3475–9. PMC 257347. PMID 1386838.
- ↑ Singh AE, Romanowski B (1999). "Syphilis: review with emphasis on clinical, epidemiologic, and some biologic features". Clin Microbiol Rev. 12 (2): 187–209. PMC 88914. PMID 10194456.
- ↑ Engelkens HJ, ten Kate FJ, Vuzevski VD, van der Sluis JJ, Stolz E (1991). "Primary and secondary syphilis: a histopathological study". Int J STD AIDS. 2 (4): 280–4. PMID 1911961.
- ↑ Thomas DD, Navab M, Haake DA, Fogelman AM, Miller JN, Lovett MA (1988). "Treponema pallidum invades intercellular junctions of endothelial cell monolayers". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 85 (10): 3608–12. PMC 280263. PMID 3285346.
- ↑ Quatresooz P, Piérard GE (2009). "Skin homing of Treponema pallidum in early syphilis: an immunohistochemical study". Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol. 17 (1): 47–50. doi:10.1097/PAI.0b013e3181788186. PMID 18800002.
- ↑ Tanabe JL, Huntley AC (1986). "Granulomatous tertiary syphilis". J Am Acad Dermatol. 15 (2 Pt 2): 341–4. PMID 3734178.
- ↑ Baker-Zander S, Sell S (1980). "A histopathologic and immunologic study of the course of syphilis in the experimentally infected rabbit. Demonstration of long-lasting cellular immunity". Am J Pathol. 101 (2): 387–414. PMC 1903600. PMID 7001910.
- ↑ Sheffield JS, Wendel GD, McIntire DD, Norgard MV (2007). "Effect of genital ulcer disease on HIV-1 coreceptor expression in the female genital tract". J Infect Dis. 196 (10): 1509–16. doi:10.1086/522518. PMID 18008231.
- ↑ Abell E, Marks R, Jones EW (1975). "Secondary syphilis: a clinico-pathological review". Br J Dermatol. 93 (1): 53–61. PMID 1191529.
- ↑ Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (05-2004). "STD Facts - Syphilis". Centers for Disease Control. Check date values in:
|date=(help) - ↑ Dylewski J, Duong M (2007 Jan 2). "The rash of secondary syphilis". CMAJ. 176 (1): 33–5. doi:10.1503/cmaj.060665. Check date values in:
|date=(help) - ↑ Richard B. Jamess, MD, PhD (2002). "Syphilis- Sexually Transmitted Infections, 2006". Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines. External link in
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