Diphtheria classification
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Dima Nimri, M.D. [2]
Overview
Classification
Diphtheria infection an be classified according to the causative agent or the clinical manifestations of the infection.
- Causative Agent
Diphtheria can be caused by several Corynebacterium species, which include:[1]
- Corynebacterium diphtheria
- Corynebacterium ulcerans
- Corynebacterium hemolyticum
- Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
- Clinical Manifestations
Diphtheria infection can present in several ways, which include:[2]
- Respiratory diphtheria, which may also be divided into nasal, pharyngeal and laryngeal diphtheria[3]
- Systemic diphtheria, which results from the dissemination of diphtheria toxin into the heart[4][5], kidneys and nervous system[3]
- Cutaneous diphtheria, which is caused by toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheria[6]
References
- ↑ Wong TP, Groman N (1984). "Production of diphtheria toxin by selected isolates of Corynebacterium ulcerans and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis". Infect. Immun. 43 (3): 1114–6. PMC 264307. PMID 6321350.
- ↑ Center for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/diphtheria/clinicians.html Accessed on Oct. 7, 2016.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Dobie RA, Tobey DN (1979). "Clinical features of diphtheria in the respiratory tract". JAMA. 242 (20): 2197–201. PMID 490806.
- ↑ Lumio JT, Groundstroem KW, Melnick OB, Huhtala H, Rakhmanova AG (2004). "Electrocardiographic abnormalities in patients with diphtheria: a prospective study". Am. J. Med. 116 (2): 78–83. PMID 14715320.
- ↑ BOYER NH, WEINSTEIN L (1948). "Diphtheritic myocarditis". N. Engl. J. Med. 239 (24): 913–9. doi:10.1056/NEJM194812092392403. PMID 18103551.
- ↑ Rappold LC, Vogelgsang L, Klein S, Bode K, Enk AH, Haenssle HA (2016). "Primary cutaneous diphtheria: management, diagnostic workup, and treatment as exemplified by a rare case report". J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 14 (7): 734–6. doi:10.1111/ddg.12722. PMID 27373251.