Tuberculosis medical therapy
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Charmaine Patel, M.D. [2] Ahmed Zaghw, M.D. [3] Ammu Susheela, M.D. [4]
Overview
The treatment of tuberculosis with anti-tubercular drugs is conducted in 2 phases namely initiation phase and maintenance phase. If their is a high probability of infection, presumptively treat the patient even if the stain is negative, while waiting for the culture results. The patient should be brought back in few weeks. Patients usually feel better a few weeks post-treatment. Patients must be monitored for adverse effects and treatment failure. In the U.S., all TB is tested for drug resistance.
Deciding To Initiate Treatment
- The decision to initiate combination anti-tuberculous therapy should be based on following:
- Epidemiological information
- Clinical evidence
- Pathological
- Radiographic findings
- Microscopic examination of acid-fast bacilli (AFB)--stained sputum (smears) (as well as other appropriately collected diagnostic specimens) and cultures for mycobacteria
- Positive PPD-tuberculin skin test
Drugs Used in the Treatment of Tuberculosis
| Groups | Drugs |
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| Group 1: First-line oral drugs |
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| Group 2: Injectable drugs |
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| Group 3: Fluoroquinolones | |
| Group 4: Oral bacteriostatic second-line drugs |
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| Group 5: Agents with unclear role in treatment of drug resistant-TB |
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| Adapted from WHO 2013 Treatment of Tuberculosis: Guidelines – 4th ed.[2] | |
Standard Treatment Regimens
Empirical Anti-Tuberculosis Therapy
- In developing countries where TB is endemic and in cases with high clinical suspicion of tuberculous pericarditis, starting with empiric antituberculous therapy is appropriate before establishing a definitive diagnosis. In the clinical settings where the diagnosis cannot be established based on bacteriology, histology, or pericardial fluid analysis, clinical response to antituberculous therapy serves as support for a diagnosis of tuberculous pericarditis.[3] In developed countries where TB is not endemic, antituberculous therapy should generally not be initiated empirically in the absence of definitive diagnosis.[4]
Standard Regimens for New Patients
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Adults ▸ Preferred regimen ▸ Alternate regimen 1 ▸ Alternate regimen 2 Children ▸ Preferred regimen |
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Standard Regimens for Previously Treated Patients
The previously treated patients should receive the 8-months regimen with first-line drugs.
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Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis Treatment
The principles underlying the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis also apply to extrapulmonary disease. Increasing evidence, including randomized controlled trials, suggests that 6–9 month isoniazid and rifampicin containing regimens are effective for the majority of extrapulmonary sites of disease.
| Type of Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis | Treatment |
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| Lymph Node Tuberculosis |
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| Bone, Joint, and Spinal Tuberculosis |
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| Pericardial Tuberculosis |
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| Pleural Tuberculosis |
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| Tuberculous Meningitis |
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| Disseminated Tuberculosis (miliary tuberculosis) |
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| Genitourinary Tuberculosis |
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| Abdominal Tuberculosis |
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Monitoring during treatment
Directly observed treatment, short-course (DOTS) strategy
| 5 components of DOTS strategy |
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| Government committed to sustained TB control and activities |
| Case detection by sputum smear microscopy among symptomatic patients self reporting to health services |
| Standardized treatment, with supervision and patient support |
| An effective drug supply and management system |
| Monitoring and evaluation system, and impact measurement |
Monitoring the Patients and Baseline Evaluations
- Patients suspected of having tuberculosis should have the following:
- Appropriate sputum specimens collected for microscopic examination and mycobacterial culture. When the lung is the site of disease, three sputum specimens should be obtained. Sputum induction with hypertonic saline may be necessary to obtain specimens and bronchoscopy (both performed under appropriate infection control measures) may be considered for patients who are unable to produce sputum, depending on the clinical circumstances.
- Drug susceptibility testing for INH, RIF, and EMB should be performed on a positive initial culture, regardless of the source of the specimen. Second-line drug susceptibility testing should be done only in reference laboratories and be limited to specimens from patients who have had prior therapy, who are contacts of patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis, who have demonstrated resistance to rifampin or to other first-line drugs, or who have positive cultures after more than 3 months of treatment.
- Counseling and testing for HIV infection; for patients with HIV infection, a CD4+ lymphocyte count should be obtained. Patients with risk factors for hepatitis B or C viruses (e.g., injection drug use, foreign birth in Asia or Africa, HIV infection) should have serologic tests for these viruses.
- Baseline measurements of serum amino transferases (aspartate aminotransferase [AST], alanine aminotransferase [ALT]), bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, and serum creatinine and a platelet count should be routinely obtained.
- Visual acuity and red-green color discrimination should be obtained when EMB is to be used.
- Patients during and after pulmonary tuberculosis treatment, the following should be done:
- A sputum specimen for microscopic examination and culture should be obtained at a minimum of monthly intervals until two consecutive specimens are negative on culture.
- AFB smears may be useful to assess the early response to treatment and to provide an indication of infectiousness.
- For patients with extrapulmonary tuberculosis the frequency and kinds of evaluations will depend on the site involved.
- At least monthly clinical evaluation to identify possible adverse effects of the antituberculosis medications and to assess adherence.
- Generally, patients do not require follow-up after completion of therapy but should be instructed to seek care promptly if signs or symptoms recur.
- Routine measurements of hepatic and renal function and platelet count are not necessary during treatment unless patients have baseline abnormalities or are at increased risk of hepatotoxicity (e.g., hepatitis B or C virus infection, alcohol abuse).
- Patients with the following conditions can receive the usual TB regimens provided that there is no clinical evidence of chronic liver disease: hepatitis virus carriage, a past history of acute hepatitis, current excessive alcohol consumption. However, hepatotoxic reactions to anti-TB drugs may be more common among these patients, therefore close follow up is highly recommended.
Assessment of Treatment Response in New and Previously Treated Pulmonary TB
Definition of Treatment Response₳
| Outcome | Definition |
| Cure | A patient whose positive sputum smear/positive culture at the beginning of the treatment convert into smear-negative/culture-negative in the last month of treatment and on at least one previous occasion. |
| Treatment completed | A patient who completed treatment but who does not have a negative sputum smear or culture result in the last month of treatment and on at least one previous occasionb ( Two consecutive negative specimens ) |
| Treatment failure | A patient whose sputum smear or culture is positive at 5 months or later during treatment or has a multidrug-resistant (MDR) strain at any point of time during the treatment, whether they are smear-negative or smear-positive. |
| Died | A patient who dies for any reason during the course of treatment. |
| Default | A patient whose treatment was interrupted for ≥ 2 months. |
| Transfer out | A patient who has been transferred to another recording and reporting unit and whose treatment outcome is unknown. |
| Treatment success | A sum of cured and completed treatmentc |
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Identification and Management of Patients at Increased Risk of Treatment Failure and Relapse
- Approximately 80% of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis caused by drug-susceptible organisms who are started on standard four-drug therapy will have negative sputum cultures at this time. Patients with positive cultures after 2 months of treatment should undergo careful evaluation to determine the cause.
- The risk factors for high adverse outcomes (treatment failure, relapse) are:
- The presence of cavitation on the initial chest radiograph combined with having a positive sputum culture at the time the initial phase.
- Nonadherence to medications (especially for patients not receiving DOT)
- Extensive cavitary disease at the time of diagnosis
- Drug resistance (especially for patients receiving DOT)
- Malabsorption of drugs
- Laboratory error
- Biological variation in response
Prevention of Adverse Effects of Drugs
Isoniazid-induced peripheral neuropathy manifests as:
- Preventive treatment is recommended with Pyridoxine, 10 mg/day with anti-TB drugs. Other guidelines recommend 25 mg/day.[5]
Symptom-Based Approach for Side-Effects of Anti-tuberculous Drugs
The Role of Drug-Susceptibility Testing (DST)
- Initial Phase:
- Ideally, DST is done for all patients at the start of treatment, so that the most appropriate therapy for each individual can be determined. However, the goal of universal access to DST has not yet been realized for most of the world’s TB patients. While countries are expanding laboratory capacity and implementing new rapid tests, WHO recommends that sputum specimens for testing susceptibility to isoniazid and rifampicin be obtained from the following patient groups at the start of treatment:
- All previously treated patients . The highest levels of MDR are found in patients whose prior course of therapy has failed .
- All persons living with HIV who are diagnosed with active TB, especially if they live in areas of moderate or high MDR prevalence. It is essential to detect MDR as soon as possible in persons living with HIV, given their high risk of mortality.
- Continuation Phase:
- In settings where rapid molecular-based DST is available, the results of MDR can be confirmed or excluded within 1-2 days, it should guide the choice of regimen.
- In cases if DST is not available, the first-line drugs 2HRZES/1HRZE/5HRE if country-specific data show low or medium levels of MDR in these patients or if such data are not available
- Remark: When DST results become available, regimens should be adjusted appropriately.
- The Global Plan to Stop TB 2006–2015 sets a target for open accessibility to DST for all previously treated patients at the beginning of treatment by 2015.
Recommendations For New Patients
- In new patients, if the specimen obtained at the end of the intensive phase 2nd month is smear-positive, sputum smear microscopy should be obtained at the end of the third month (Strong/High grade of evidence).
- In new patients, if the specimen obtained at the end of 3rd month is smear-positive, sputum culture and drug susceptibility testing (DST) should be performed (Strong/High grade of evidence)
- For smear-positive pulmonary TB patients treated with first-line drugs, sputum smear microscopy may be performed at completion of the intensive phase of treatment (Conditional/High or moderate grade of evidence).
- Sputum should be collected after the 1st dose of the intensive phase treatment. The end of the intensive phase is defined as the end of the 2nd month in new patients and the end of the 3rd month in previously treated patients receiving the 8-month regimen of first-line agents. This recommendation also applies to smear-negative patients.
- Sputum specimens should be collected for smear examination at each follow-up sputum check. They should be collected without interrupting treatment and transported to the laboratory as soon as possible.
- Smear status at the end of the intensive phase is a poor predictor of which new patients will relapse. However, detection of a positive sputum smear remains important as a trigger for the patient assessment.
- The proportion of sputum smear positive patients converted to negative at the end of the intensive phase is an indicator of TB program performance.
Management of Treatment Interruption[1]
| Time Point of Interruption | Details of Interruption | Approach | |
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| During intensive phase | *Lapse is <14 d in duration | Lapse is <14 d in duration Continue treatment to complete planned total number of doses (as long as all doses are completed within 3 mo) | |
| Lapse is ≥14 d in duration | *Restart treatment from the beginning | ||
| During continuation phase | Received ≥80% of doses and sputum was AFB smear negative on initial testing | Further therapy may not be necessary | |
| *Received ≥80% of doses and sputum was AFB smear positive on initial testing | Continue therapy until all doses are completed | ||
| Received <80% of doses and accumulative lapse is <3 mo in duration | Continue therapy until all doses are completed (full course), unless consecutive lapse is >2 mo
If treatment cannot be completed within recommended time frame for regimen, restart therapy from the beginning (ie, restart intensive phase, to be followed by continuation phase | ||
| *Received <80% of doses and lapse is ≥3 mo in duration | Restart therapy from the beginning, new intensive and continuation phases (ie, restart intensive phase, to be followed by continuation phase) | ||
Managing Side-Effects of Anti-TB Drugs[6]
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Treatment Failure
- Failure to response to anti-TB drugs means;
- Smear or culture-positivity at the fifth month or later.
- Detection of MDR-TB at any point of therapy.
- Treatment failure necessitate to step-wise approach to identify the causes of failure which could be due to any of the following features[7]
- Poor supervision of the initial phase
- Poor patient adherence
- Poor quality of anti-TB drugs
- Inappropriate doses of anti-TB drugs (below than recommended range)
- Slow resolution due to extensive cavitation and a heavy initial bacillary load
- Co-morbid conditions that interfere either with adherence or with response
- MDR M. tuberculosis with no response to the first-line treatment
- Non-viable bacteria remain visible by microscopy
Treatment Regimen
- 1. Standard regimens for new patients [8]
- 1.1. Adult
- 1.1.1. Initial phase
- Preferred regimen: Isoniazid 300 mg PO (5 mg/kg/day) qd for 8 weeks AND Rifampicin 600 mg PO (10 mg/kg/day) qd for 8 weeks AND Pyrazinamide 2 g PO (25 mg/kg/day) qd for 8 weeks AND Ethambutol 1.6 g PO (15 mg/kg/day) qd for 8 weeks
- Alternative regimen (1): Isoniazid 300 mg/day PO for 2 weeks (5 mg/kg/day) AND Rifampicin 600 mg/day PO for 2 weeks (10 mg/kg/day) AND Pyrazinamide 2 g/day PO for 2 weeks (25 mg/kg/day) AND Ethambutol 1.6 g PO for 2 weeks (15 mg/kg/day), followed by Isoniazid 300 mg/day PO twice weekly for 6 weeks (5 mg/kg/day) AND Rifampicin 600 mg/day PO twice weekly for 6 weeks (10 mg/kg/day) AND Pyrazinamide 2 g/day PO twice weekly for 6 weeks AND Ethambutol 1.6 g PO for 2 weeks (15 mg/kg/day)
- Alternative regimen (2): Isoniazid 300 mg/day PO thrice weekly for 8 weeks (5 mg/kg/day) AND Rifampicin 600 mg/day PO thrice weekly for 8 weeks (10 mg/kg/day) AND Pyrazinamide 2g/day PO thrice weekly for 8 week (25 mg/kg/day) AND Ethambutol 1.6 g PO thrice weekly for 8 weeks (15 mg/kg/day)
- 1.1.2 Continuation phase
- Preferred regimen (1): Isoniazid 300 mg PO (5 mg/kg/day) qd AND Rifampicin 600 mg PO (10 mg/kg/day) qd for 18 weeks
- Preferred regimen (2): Isoniazid 300 mg PO twice weekly (5 mg/kg/day) AND Rifampicin 600 mg/day PO twice weekly (10 mg/kg/day) for 18 weeks
- Alternative regimen (1): Isoniazid 300 mg/day PO biweekly for 18 weeks (5 mg/kg/day) AND Rifampicin 600 mg/day PO biweekly for 18 weeks (10 mg/kg/day)
- Alternative regimen (2): Isoniazid 300 mg/day PO thrice weekly for 18 weeks (5 mg/kg/day) AND Rifampicin 600 mg/day PO thrice weekly for 18 weeks (10 mg/kg/day)
- 1.2 Pediatric
- 1.2.1 Initial phase
- Preferred regimen: Isoniazid 10 mg/kg PO (Maximum, 300 mg/day) AND Rifampicin 15 mg/kg PO (Maximum, 600 mg/day) AND Pyrazinamide 35 mg/kg PO (Maximum, 2 g/day) AND Ethambutol 20 mg/kg PO (Maximum, 1.6 g/day), each for 8 weeks
- 1.2.2 Continuation phase
- Preferred regimen: Isoniazid 10 mg/kg PO (Maximum, 300 mg/day) AND Rifampicin 15 mg/kg PO (Maximum, 600 mg/day), each drug daily for 18 weeks
- 2. RR-TB or MDR-TB Tuberculosis
- 2.1 Adult
- Preferred regimen: At least 5 agents combination
- Agent 1: Pyrazinamide 20–30 mg/kg
- Agent 2: Levofloxacin 500-1000 mg OR Moxifloxacin 400 mg OR Gatifloxacin 400mg
- Agent 3: Amikacin 7.5-10 mg/kg OR Capreomycin 15 mg/kg OR Kanamycin 15 mg/kg OR Streptomycin 12–18 mg/kg
- Agent 4: [Ethionamide]] 15-20 mg/kg OR Protionamide 15-20 mg/kg OR Cycloserine 10-15 mg/kg OR Terizidone 10-20 mg/kg OR Clofazimine 100mg
- Agent 5: Bedaquiline OR Delamanid
- Agent 6: Para-aminosalicylic acid 150 mg/kg/day q8-12h OR Imipenem/Cilastatin 250mg/250mg-750mg/750mg {{or} Meropenem 20-40mg/kg OR Amoxicillin clavulanate 500mg-125mg OR Thioacetazone 150mg
- Note: Pyrazinamide and four core second-line TB medicines (one chosen from Group A, one from Group B, and at least two from Group C2)
- Note: If the minimum number of effective TB medicines cannot be composed as given above, an agent from Group D2 and other agents from Group D3 may be added to bring the total to five
- 2.2 Pediatric
- Preferred regimen: At least 5 agents combination
- Agent 1: Pyrazinamide 20-30 mg/kg (Maximum: 600 mg)
- Agent 2 (Group A): Levofloxacin 7.5-10mg/kg OR Moxifloxacin 7.5-10mg/kg OR Gatifloxacin 10 mg/kg (maximum 600 mg)
- Agent 3 (Group B): Amikacin 7.5-10 mg/kg OR Capreomycin 15 mg/kg OR Kanamycin 15 mg/kg OR Streptomycin 12–18 mg/kg
- Agent 4 (Group C): [Ethionamide]] 15-20 mg/kg/day q12h (Maximum: 1000 mg)OR Protionamide 15-20 mg/kg OR Cycloserine 10-15 mg/kg (Maximum: 1000 mg) OR Terizidone 10-20 mg/kg Maximum: 1000 mg) OR Clofazimine 100mg
- Agent 5 ( Group D2): Bedaquiline OR Delamanid
- Agent 6 (Group D3): Para-aminosalicylic acid 150 mg/kg/day q8-12h(Maximum: 12,000 mg) OR Imipenem/Cilastatin 250mg/250mg-750mg/750mg {{or} Meropenem 20-40mg/kg OR Amoxicillin clavulanate 500mg-125mg OR Thioacetazone 50mg
- Note: Pyrazinamide and four core second-line TB medicines (one chosen from Group A, one from Group B, and at least two from Group C2)
- Note: If the minimum number of effective TB medicines cannot be composed as given above, an agent from Group D2 and other agents from Group D3 may be added to bring the total to five
- 3. XDR Tuberculosis [9]
- 3.1 Adult
- Preferred regimen: 3 agents combination
- Agent 1: Pyrazinamide 20–30 mg/kg OR Ethambutol 15–25 mg/kg OR Rifabutin 5 mg/kg
- Agent 2: Ethionamide 15-20 mg/kg OR Protionamide 15-20 mg/kg OR Cycloserine 10-15 mg/kg OR Terizidone 10-20 kg/mg OR Para-aminosalicylic acid 8-12 g/day q8-12h
- Agent 3: Clofazimine 50 mg/d AND 300 mg once a month OR Amoxicillin/clavulanate 500 mg/125 mg q12h OR Linezolid 300-600 mg OR Imipenem 500mg q6h OR Clarithromycin 500-1000 mg q12h OR Thioacetazone 2.5 mg/kg OR Isoniazid (high-dose) 16–20 mg/kg
- 3.2 Pediatric
- Preferred regimen: 3 agents combination
- Agent 1: Pyrazinamide 20-30 mg/kg (Maximum: 600 mg) OR Ethambutol 15 mg/kg OR Rifabutin 5 mg/kg
- Agent 2: Ethionamide 15-20 mg/kg (Maximum: 1000 mg) OR Protionamide 15-20 mg/kg (Maximum: 1000 mg) OR Cycloserine 10-20 mg/kg (Maximum: 1000 mg) OR Terizidone 10-20 mg/kg (Maximum: 1000 mg) OR Para-aminosalicylic acid 150 mg/kg/day q8-12h
- Agent 3: Clofazimine 50 mg/d AND 300 mg once a month OR Amoxicillin/clavulanate OR Linezolid 300-600 mg OR Imipenem 500mg q6h OR Clarithromycin 500-1000 mg q12h OR Thioacetazone 2.5 mg/kg OR Isoniazid (high-dose) 16–20 mg/kg
Ocular tuberculosis
- 1. Adult patients
- 1.1 Intensive phase
- Preferred regimen: Isoniazid 5 mg/kg (max: 300 mg) PO qd for 2 months AND Rifampin 10 mg/kg (max: 600 mg) PO qd for 2 months AND Pyrazinamide 15–30 mg/kg (max: 2 g) PO qd for 2 months AND Ethambutol 15-20 mg/kg (max: 1 g) PO qd for 2 months
- 1.2 Continuation phase
- 2. Pediatric patients
- 2.1 Intensive phase
- Preferred regimen: Isoniazid 10-15 mg/kg (max: 300 mg) PO qd for 2 months AND Rifampin 10-20 mg/kg (max: 600 mg) PO qd for 2 months AND Pyrazinamide 15-30 mg/kg (max: 2 g) PO qd for 2 months AND Ethambutol
- 2.2 Continuation phase
- Note (1): Ethambutol may be administered at a dose of 15-20 mg/kg (max: 1 g) PO qd for 2 months but is generally avoided because of potential ocular toxicity.[12]
- Note (2): A short course of systemic corticosteroids may be necessary initially if there is sight-threatening inflammation.
Contraindicated medications
Active tuberculosis is considered an absolute contraindication to the use of the following medications:
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Clinical Infectious Diseases. Official American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Infectious Diseases Society of America Clinical Practice Guidelines: Treatment of Drug-Susceptible Tuberculosis. (2016) http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/63/7/e147.full.pdf+html Accessed on October 14, 2016
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "2013 WHO Treatment of Tuberculosis: Guidelines for National Programmes (4th Edition)".
- ↑ Mayosi, BM.; Burgess, LJ.; Doubell, AF. (2005). "Tuberculous pericarditis". Circulation. 112 (23): 3608–16. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.543066. PMID 16330703. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Soler-Soler, J.; Sagristà-Sauleda, J.; Permanyer-Miralda, G. (2001). "Management of pericardial effusion". Heart. 86 (2): 235–40. PMID 11454853. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ "Treatment of tuberculosis". MMWR Recomm Rep. 52 (RR-11): 1–77. 2003. PMID 12836625. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ "http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2004/9241546034.pdf" (PDF). External link in
|title=(help) - ↑ "http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2004/9241546034.pdf" (PDF). External link in
|title=(help) - ↑ Treatment of tuberculosis guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2010. ISBN 9789241547833.
- ↑ "WHO".
- ↑ Blumberg, Henry M.; Burman, William J.; Chaisson, Richard E.; Daley, Charles L.; Etkind, Sue C.; Friedman, Lloyd N.; Fujiwara, Paula; Grzemska, Malgosia; Hopewell, Philip C.; Iseman, Michael D.; Jasmer, Robert M.; Koppaka, Venkatarama; Menzies, Richard I.; O'Brien, Richard J.; Reves, Randall R.; Reichman, Lee B.; Simone, Patricia M.; Starke, Jeffrey R.; Vernon, Andrew A.; American Thoracic Society, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Infectious Diseases Society (2003-02-15). "American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Infectious Diseases Society of America: treatment of tuberculosis". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 167 (4): 603–662. doi:10.1164/rccm.167.4.603. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 12588714.
- ↑ American Thoracic Society; CDC; Infectious Diseases Society of America (2003-06-20). "Treatment of tuberculosis". MMWR. Recommendations and reports: Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports / Centers for Disease Control. 52 (RR-11): 1–77. ISSN 1057-5987. PMID 12836625.
- ↑ Bennett, John (2015). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 978-1455748013.