| Disease
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Findings
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| Atopic dermatitis
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- The skin of a patient with atopic dermatitis reacts abnormally to irritants such as food and environmental allergens
- The skin on the flexural surfaces of the joints (elbows and knees) are most commonly affected regions
- It usually present with red, flaky and very itchy skin
- It also becomes vulnerable to surface infections caused by bacteria
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| Pyoderma gangrenosum
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| Herpes simplex
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- Primary orofacial herpes/HSV-1 presents itself as multiple, round, superficial oral ulcers
- Genital herpes/HSV-2 can be more difficult to diagnose than oral herpes since most HSV-2-infected persons have no classical signs and symptoms
- Adults with non-typical presentation are more difficult to diagnose. However, prodromal symptoms that occur before the appearance of herpetic lesions helps to differentiate HSV from other conditions
- Herpes infection can recur even after successful initial treatment. The first episode is usually longer (two to four weeks) more painful and severe than the recurrent episodes
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| Contact dermatitis
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- Skin reaction resulting from exposure to allergens, irritants or sunlight
- It usually presents as a localized rash or irritation of the skin only on the superficial regions of the skin
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| Folliculitis
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| Scabies
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| Papular urticaria
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- Skin condition, commonly caused by an allergic reaction commonly caused by direct contact with an allergenic substance, or an immune response to food, other allergen, or emotional stress
- The rash can be triggered by quite innocent events, such as mere rubbing or exposure to cold.
- It is characterized by raised red skin welts. Welts from hives can appear anywhere on the body (face, lips, tongue, throat, and ears)
- Welts may vary in size from about 5 mm to the size of a dinner plate, typically itch severely, sting, or burn, and often have a pale border
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| Candidal infection
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| Dermatitis herpetiformis
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- Systemic condition, usually extremely itchy. In many people the vesicles or papules appear on pressure points, such as the elbows, knees, back and buttocks.
- Symptoms sometimes appear to be symmetrical (most prevalent at pressure points)
- It may also present as a patch of red skin with little water blisters scattered about
- The unpredictable skin rash may appear or be exacerbated by any irritation such as dry skin, scratching or clothing that is rough or scratchy
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| Drug eruptions
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| Kawasaki disease
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| Measles
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| Rubella
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| Hand foot and mouth disease
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- Most commonly caused disease is the Coxsackie A
- It may be asymptomatic or cause mild symptoms, or it may produce fever and painful blisters in the mouth (herpangina), on the palms and fingers of the hand, or on the soles of the feet. There can also be blisters in the throat or above the tonsils
- Adults can also be affected and can present with
- High grade fever
- Sore throat
- Painfull Itchy rash especially on the hands/fingers and bottom of feet, several days after high temperature
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| Monkeypox
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- Presentation is similar to smallpox, although it is often a milder form
- Presents with fever, headache, myalgia, back pain, swollen lymph nodes, a general feeling of discomfort, and exhaustion.
- Within 1 to 3 days after the appearance of fever, the patient develops a papular rash, often first on the face (lesions usually develop through several stages before crusting and falling off)
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| Cytomegalovirus
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- Commonly asymptomatic , but it may present with sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, fever, headache, fatigue, weakness, muscle pain and loss of appetite
- Diagnostic tests are essential for the management of CMV infection in immunocompromised patients which include serology, polymerase chain reaction|polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture, and histopathology
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| Acne
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| Syphilis
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| Molluscum contagiosum
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- Lesions are commonly flesh-colored, dome-shaped, and pearly in appearance (often 1-5 millimeters in diameter, with a dimpled center)
- Generally not painful, but they may itch or become irritated.
- In about 10% of the cases, eczema develops around the lesions
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| Mononucleosis
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- Mononucleosis is an acute clinical manifestation of EBV
- Initially presents with malaise, headache, and low-grade fever
- After progression of the disease, it may present with more specific signs of tonsillitis and/or pharyngitis, cervical lymph node enlargement and tenderness, and moderate to high fever
- In most cases of infectious mononucleosis is a clinical diagnosis
- EBV serology test should be done if mononucleosis is suspected
- The laboratory hallmark of the disease is the presence of atypical lymphocytes
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| Toxic erythema
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| Rat-bite fever
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- Commonly presents with fever, chills, open sore at the site of the bite and rash, which may show red or purple plaques
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| Parvovirus B19
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- The rash of fifth disease is typically described as "slapped cheeks," with erythema across the cheeks and sparing the nasolabial folds, forehead, and mouth
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| Stevens-Johnson syndrome
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| Rocky Mountain spotted fever
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| Impetigo
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- Commonly presents with pimple-like lesions surrounded by erythematous skin.
- Lesions are pustules, filled with pus, which then break down over 4-6 days and form a thick crust
- Associated with insect bites, cuts, and other forms of trauma to the skin
- Diagnosis is often based on clinical manifestations
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| 'Varicella-zoster virus
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- Commonly starts as a painful rash on one side of the face or body
- The rash forms blisters that typically scab over in 7-10 days and clears up within 2-4 weeks
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| Scarlet fever
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| 'Meningococcemia
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| Rickettsialpox
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| Insect bite
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- The insect injects formic acid, which can cause an immediate skin reaction often resulting in a rash and swelling in the injured area,
- Often associated with formation of vesicles.
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