Cystitis risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Steven C. Campbell, M.D., Ph.D. Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Maliha Shakil, M.D. [2]
Overview
Common risk factors in the development of cystitis include diabetes, pregnancy, catheterization, bowel incontinence, old age, and immobility.
Risk Factors
Common risk factors in the development of cystitis include:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]
- Catheterization
- Sexual intercourse (females)
- Lack of circumcision
- Any blockage of the bladder or urethra
- Diabetes Mellitus
- Benign prostatic hypertrophy
- Bowel incontinence
- Old age
- Pregnancy
- Urinary retention
- Procedures that involve the urinary tract
- Immobility
- Use of a diaphragm with spermicide
- Post menopausal status
- Antimicrobial drugs
- Oestrogen use
- Genetic predisposition
- Distance of the urethra from the anus
References
- ↑ Cystitis-acute. MedlinePlus.https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000526.htm Accessed on February 9, 2016
- ↑ Hooton TM (2000). "Pathogenesis of urinary tract infections: an update". J Antimicrob Chemother. 46 Suppl A: 1–7. PMID 10969044.
- ↑ Nicolle LE (2008). "Uncomplicated urinary tract infection in adults including uncomplicated pyelonephritis". Urol Clin North Am. 35 (1): 1–12, v. doi:10.1016/j.ucl.2007.09.004. PMID 18061019.
- ↑ Zhong YH, Fang Y, Zhou JZ, Tang Y, Gong SM, Ding XQ (2011). "Effectiveness and safety of patient initiated single-dose versus continuous low-dose antibiotic prophylaxis for recurrent urinary tract infections in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled study". J Int Med Res. 39 (6): 2335–43. PMID 22289552.
- ↑ Nicolle LE (2001). "A practical guide to antimicrobial management of complicated urinary tract infection". Drugs Aging. 18 (4): 243–54. PMID 11341472.
- ↑ Franco AV (2005). "Recurrent urinary tract infections". Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 19 (6): 861–73. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2005.08.003. PMID 16298166.
- ↑ Platt R, Polk BF, Murdock B, Rosner B (1986). "Risk factors for nosocomial urinary tract infection". Am J Epidemiol. 124 (6): 977–85. PMID 3776980.