Rhinitis risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Fatimo Biobaku M.B.B.S [2]
Overview
Several studies have identified risk factors associated with some forms of rhinitis such as allergic rhinitis. However, the nonallergic(noninfectious) rhinitis still requires more research to better understand the disease and its associated risk factors.[1]
Risk Factors
The risk factors for Allergic rhinitis include the following:[2][3]
- The presence of other allergic diseases such as asthma, eczema
- Parental rhinitis
- Allergic sensitization to common household aeroallergens
- Obesity/being overweight
- Elevated exhaled Nitric oxide
- High total serum IgE
- Exposure to parental smoking
- Exposure to pets
- Genetic predisposition[4]
- Exposure to fossil fuel and traffic related pollutants[4]
- Increased dampness and poor ventilation from tightly insulated modern homes (increases sensitization and allergy to molds)[4]
- Early introduction of infants to formula/food[5]
Risk factors for infectious rhinitis include:[6]
- Young age
- Daycare attendance
- Exposure to tobacco smoke/air pollutants
- Deficient immunity
- Crowding conditions
Increased risk of occupational rhinitis has been found in the following professions:[7][8]
- Furriers
- Bakers
- Livestock breeders
- Food-processing workers
- Veterinarians
- Farmers
- Electronic product assemblers
- Boat builders
References
- ↑ Bousquet J, Fokkens W, Burney P, Durham SR, Bachert C, Akdis CA; et al. (2008). "Important research questions in allergy and related diseases: nonallergic rhinitis: a GA2LEN paper". Allergy. 63 (7): 842–53. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01715.x. PMID 18588549.
- ↑ Baumann LM, Romero KM, Robinson CL, Hansel NN, Gilman RH, Hamilton RG; et al. (2015). "Prevalence and risk factors for allergic rhinitis in two resource-limited settings in Peru with disparate degrees of urbanization". Clin Exp Allergy. 45 (1): 192–9. doi:10.1111/cea.12379. PMID 25059756.
- ↑ Song N, Shamssain M, Mohammed S, Zhang J, Wu J, Fu C; et al. (2014). "Prevalence, severity and risk factors of asthma, rhinitis and eczema in a large group of Chinese schoolchildren". J Asthma. 51 (3): 232–42. doi:10.3109/02770903.2013.867973. PMID 24303994.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Katelaris CH, Lee BW, Potter PC, Maspero JF, Cingi C, Lopatin A; et al. (2012). "Prevalence and diversity of allergic rhinitis in regions of the world beyond Europe and North America". Clin Exp Allergy. 42 (2): 186–207. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03891.x. PMID 22092947.
- ↑ Skoner DP (2001). "Allergic rhinitis: definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, detection, and diagnosis". J Allergy Clin Immunol. 108 (1 Suppl): S2–8. PMID 11449200.
- ↑ Passioti M, Maggina P, Megremis S, Papadopoulos NG (2014). "The common cold: potential for future prevention or cure". Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 14 (2): 413. doi:10.1007/s11882-013-0413-5. PMID 24415465.
- ↑ Stevens WW, Grammer LC (2015). "Occupational rhinitis: an update". Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 15 (1): 487. doi:10.1007/s11882-014-0487-8. PMID 25430949.
- ↑ Hytönen M, Kanerva L, Malmberg H, Martikainen R, Mutanen P, Toikkanen J (1997). "The risk of occupational rhinitis". Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 69 (6): 487–90. PMID 9215937.