Blastomycosis epidemiology and demographics
|
Blastomycosis Microchapters |
|
Diagnosis |
|---|
|
Treatment |
|
Case Studies |
|
Blastomycosis epidemiology and demographics On the Web |
|
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Blastomycosis epidemiology and demographics |
|
Risk calculators and risk factors for Blastomycosis epidemiology and demographics |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: ; Vidit Bhargava, M.B.B.S [2] Aditya Ganti M.B.B.S. [3]
Overview
Epidemiology
Incidence
- In states where blastomycosis is reportable, yearly incidence rates are approximately 1 to 2 cases per 100,000 population.
- Wisconsin may have the highest incidence of blastomycosis of any state, with yearly rates ranging from 10 to 40 cases per 100,000 persons.[1]
Prevalence
Case fatality rate
- During 1990-2010, the case fatality rate of blastomycosis is 0.21 per 1 million person.
Demographics
Age
Gender
Race
Geographical Distribution
- In the United States, blastomycosis is endemic in the Mississippi river and Ohio river basins and around the Great Lakes.
- It is endemic in southern and southeastern states that border the Ohio River and Mississippi River valleys of the United States, as well as in Midwestern states and Canadian provinces that border the Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence Riverway.
- Historically, most reported cases occurred in Arkansas, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, Tennessee, Louisiana, Illinois, and Wisconsin (19).
- Areas in which the disease is hyperendemic exist in north-central Wisconsin and the northern region of Ontario, Canada (9, 85).
Developed Countries
The annual incidence is less than 1 case per 100,000 people in Mississippi, Louisiana, Kentucky, and Arkansas. The cases are greater in northern states such as Wisconsin, where from 1986 to 1995 there were 1.4 cases per 100,000 people.[2] . Outbreaks or epidemics are known to occur, in a period between 2005-2008 an outbreak was reported in Indianapolis, where 34 cases were diagnosed and coincided with the construction of highways in that area. [3] Another outbreak of 55 cases was reported in 2009-2010 in Wisconsin and a large proportion of cases(45%) was seen in the Hmong community, though the exact reason behind their predisposition was not known. This was the largest reported outbreak ever and showed clustering of cases in the neighborhood, which to an extent explains multifactorial environmental sources behind these outbreaks.[4]
In Canada, most cases of blastomycosis occur in northwestern Ontario, particularly around the Kenora, Ontario area. The moist, acidic soil in the surrounding woodland harbors the fungus. Recently, Quebac was identified as an area endemic for blastomycosis with an incidence of 0.133/100,000. [5]
International
Blastomycosis is distributed internationally; cases are sometimes reported from Africa.[6] Cases have also been reported from India, Middle east, Mexco, Central and South America. It was originally thought that the fungus affects middle-aged men who work outdoors, however the studies conducted on reported outbreaks do not show any predilection based on age, sex, race, occupation or season. It prefers to grow in warm, moist soil rich, in organic materials and exposure to soil seems to be the only common factor among patients.
Gallery
-
![Map of eastern United States and Canada showing distribution of reported cases of blastomycosis. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [7]](/images/4/43/Blastomycosis36.jpeg)
Map of eastern United States and Canada showing distribution of reported cases of blastomycosis. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [7]
![Map of eastern United States and Canada showing distribution of reported cases of blastomycosis. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [7]](/index.php/File:Blastomycosis36.jpeg)
References
- ↑ Baumgardner DJ, Buggy BP, Mattson BJ, Burdick JS, Ludwig D (1992). "Epidemiology of blastomycosis in a region of high endemicity in north central Wisconsin". Clin. Infect. Dis. 15 (4): 629–35. PMID 1420675.
- ↑ "Blastomycosis--Wisconsin, 1986-1995". MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 45 (28): 601–3. 1996. PMID 8676851.
- ↑ Carlos, WG.; Rose, AS.; Wheat, LJ.; Norris, S.; Sarosi, GA.; Knox, KS.; Hage, CA. (2010). "Blastomycosis in indiana: digging up more cases". Chest. 138 (6): 1377–82. doi:10.1378/chest.10-0627. PMID 20558552. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Roy, M.; Benedict, K.; Deak, E.; Kirby, MA.; McNiel, JT.; Sickler, CJ.; Eckardt, E.; Marx, RK.; Heffernan, RT. (2013). "A large community outbreak of blastomycosis in wisconsin with geographic and ethnic clustering". Clin Infect Dis. 57 (5): 655–62. doi:10.1093/cid/cit366. PMID 23735332. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Litvinov, IV.; St-Germain, G.; Pelletier, R.; Paradis, M.; Sheppard, DC. (2013). "Endemic human blastomycosis in Quebec, Canada, 1988-2011". Epidemiol Infect. 141 (6): 1143–7. doi:10.1017/S0950268812001860. PMID 22929032. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Alvarez G, Burns B, Desjardins M, Salahudeen S, AlRashidi F, Cameron D (2006). "Blastomycosis in a young African man presenting with a pleural effusion". Can Respir J. 13 (8): 441–4. PMID 17149463.
- ↑ "Public Health Image Library (PHIL)".