Valvular heart disease

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Tarek Nafee, M.D. [2]

Valvular heart disease Microchapters
Patient Information
Classification Aortic stenosis Aortic regurgitation Mitral stenosis Mitral valve prolapse Mitral regurgitation Tricuspid stenosis Tricuspid regurgitation Pulmonary stenosis Pulmonary regurgitation
Differential Diagnosis

Classification

Valvular heart diseases are typically classified according to the valve that is affected as well as the nature of the pathological defect as follows:

• Aortic Valve
  • Aortic stenosis
  • Aortic regurgitation
• Mitral Valve
  • Mitral stenosis
  • Mitral regurgitation
  • Mitral valve prolapse
• Tricuspid valve
  • Tricuspid stenosis
  • Tricuspid regurgitation
• Pulmonary valve
  • Pulmonic stenosis
  • Pulmonic regurgitation

Differential Diagnosis

Clinicians may differentiate among different valvular heart diseases on the basis of the characteristics of the murmur and collecting a thorough patient history, as shown in the following table:

Valvular Disease	Most common cause(s)	Other causes	Murmur Description
			Low/High Frequency	Systolic/Diastolic Murmur	Best Heard Location	Other Features
Aortic stenosis
Aortic regurgitation
Mitral stenosis
Mitral regurgitation
Tricuspid stenosis	Rheumatic heart disease	Carcinoid heart disease Tumors	Low	Diastolic	Lower Left Sternal Border
Tricuspid regurgitation	Pulmonary HTN Left ventricular failure	Rheumatic heart disease Iatrogenic	Low	Pansystolic	Mid Sternal Border
Pulmonary stenosis
Pulmonary regurgitation

Epidemiology and Demographics

Valvular Disease	Incidence	Prevalence	Age	Gender	Race
Aortic stenosis
Aortic regurgitation
Mitral stenosis
Mitral regurgitation
Tricuspid stenosis
Tricuspid regurgitation
Pulmonary stenosis
Pulmonary regurgitation