Rhinitis causes
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Fatimo Biobaku M.B.B.S [2]
Overview
One of the most common diseases presenting to physicians is chronic rhinitis, and determination of the etiology is crucial to ensure appropriate management.[1] Allergic rhinitis is the most common type of chronic rhinitis,[2][3] and it has been estimated as the fifth most common chronic ailment overall in the U.S.[3] Allergic rhinitis is triggered by the inhalation of indoor and outdoor aeroallergens such as pollens, molds, and animal dander.[4][5] Nonallergic rhinitis comprises of a heterogenous group of disorders, some of which are still poorly defined and understood.[6] Nonallergic rhinitis can be induced by non-specific triggers such as exposure to chemical odors, cigarette smoke, spicy food, exercise, and cold air.[7]
Causes
Common Causes
- Allergic rhinitis- This is the most common cause of chronic rhinitis.[8] The common triggers are listed in the table below.
- Infectious rhinitis- This is the most common cause of nonallergic rhinitis in children.[9] 98% of acute infectious rhinitis are due to viral upper respiratory infections.[10] It is commonly associated with sinusitis (rhinosinusitis).[11] Symptoms usually resolve within 7-10 days of onset.[11] Common viruses implicated are rhinoviruses, influenza viruses and parainfluenza viruses.[12]
- Vasomotor rhinitis- This is the most common type of nonallergic rhinitis in the adult population.[13][6] The causes of vasomotor rhinitis are listed below.
| Class | Causes of Rhinitis[10][14][11][4] |
|---|---|
| Allergic rhinitis | Indoor and outdoor substances such as:
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| Nonallergic rhinitis | Vasomotor rhinitis |
Gustatory rhinitis- Triggered by solid/liquid food ingestion such as
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| Infectious | |
| Occupational rhinitis | Caused by protein and chemical allergens, chemical respiratory sensitizers, or unknown mechanisms
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| Other rhinitis syndrome | Hormonally induced
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Drug-induced[18]
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Primary atrophic rhinitis- causes include:
Secondary atrophic rhinitis- causes include:
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Rhinitis associated with inflammatory-immunologic disorders
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Causes by Organ System
| Cardiovascular | No underlying causes |
| Chemical/Poisoning | No underlying causes |
| Dental | No underlying causes |
| Dermatologic | No underlying causes |
| Drug Side Effect | Aspirin, NSAID, Clonidine, Guanfacine, Methyldopa, Moxonidine, Rescinnamine, Reserpine, Rilmenidine, Mecamylamine, Trimethaphan,Prazosin, Guanethidine, Indoramin, Doxazosin, Phentolamine, Sildenafil, Tadalafil, Vardenafil, Amiloride, ACE inhibitors, oral Beta blockers, intraocular beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, Chlorothiazide, Hydralazine, Hydrochlorothiazide, Exogenous estrogens, oral contraceptives, Chlordiazepoxide-Amitryptiline, Chlorpromazine, Risperidone, Thioridazine, Gabapentin,Butorphanol, Cefpodoxime, Desmopressin, Dimercaprol, Dornase Alfa, Flunisolide, Flurbiprofen, Ivacaftor, Moxifloxacin ophthalmic, Nilutamide, Rifaximin, Rimexolone, Sertraline, Tamsulosin, trichophyton mentagrophytes and trichophyton rubrum, Thalidomide, Tizanidine, Topiramate |
| Ear Nose Throat | Upper respiratory tract infections- Viral, Bacterial, Fungal and Parasitic |
| Endocrine | No underlying causes |
| Environmental | Pollens, molds, animal dander, coakroach residues, dust mite fecal particles |
| Gastroenterologic | No underlying causes |
| Genetic | Genetic predisposition(Allergic rhinitis) |
| Hematologic | No underlying causes |
| Iatrogenic | Secondary atrophic rhinitis (Surgical removal of nasal turbinates, Radiation) |
| Infectious Disease | Rhinovirus, adenovirus, Influenza and Parainfluenza viruses, Klebsiella ozaenae, Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis, syphilis |
| Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic | No underlying causes |
| Neurologic | No underlying causes |
| Nutritional/Metabolic | No underlying causes |
| Obstetric/Gynecologic | No underlying causes |
| Oncologic | Midline granuloma |
| Ophthalmologic | No underlying causes |
| Overdose/Toxicity | No underlying causes |
| Psychiatric | No underlying causes |
| Pulmonary | No underlying causes |
| Renal/Electrolyte | No underlying causes |
| Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy | Pollens, Animal danders, Molds, Protein and chemical allergens |
| Sexual | No underlying causes |
| Trauma | Nose trauma |
| Urologic | No underlying causes |
| Miscellaneous | No underlying causes |
References
- ↑ Settipane RA, Charnock DR (2007). "Epidemiology of rhinitis: allergic and nonallergic". Clin Allergy Immunol. 19: 23–34. PMID 17153005.
- ↑ Sacre-Hazouri JA (2012). "[Chronic rhinosinusitis in children]". Rev Alerg Mex. 59 (1): 16–24. PMID 24007929.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Seidman MD, Gurgel RK, Lin SY, Schwartz SR, Baroody FM, Bonner JR; et al. (2015). "Clinical practice guideline: allergic rhinitis executive summary". Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 152 (2): 197–206. doi:10.1177/0194599814562166. PMID 25645524.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Bousquet J, Khaltaev N, Cruz AA, Denburg J, Fokkens WJ, Togias A; et al. (2008). "Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) 2008 update (in collaboration with the World Health Organization, GA(2)LEN and AllerGen)". Allergy. 63 Suppl 86: 8–160. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01620.x. PMID 18331513.
- ↑ Dykewicz MS, Hamilos DL (2010). "Rhinitis and sinusitis". J Allergy Clin Immunol. 125 (2 Suppl 2): S103–15. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.12.989. PMID 20176255.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Sin B, Togias A (2011). "Pathophysiology of allergic and nonallergic rhinitis". Proc Am Thorac Soc. 8 (1): 106–14. doi:10.1513/pats.201008-057RN. PMID 21364228.
- ↑ Paraskevopoulos, Giannis; Kalogiros, Lampros (March 2016). "Non-Allergic Rhinitis". Current Treatment Options in Allergy. Volume 3 (Issue 1): 45–68. doi:10.1007/s40521-016-0072-6. Retrieved January 5, 2017.
- ↑ Dykewicz MS, Hamilos DL (2010). "Rhinitis and sinusitis". J Allergy Clin Immunol. 125 (2 Suppl 2): S103–15. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.12.989. PMID 20176255 20176255 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Skoner DP (2001). "Allergic rhinitis: definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, detection, and diagnosis". J Allergy Clin Immunol. 108 (1 Suppl): S2–8. PMID 11449200.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Wallace DV, Dykewicz MS, Bernstein DI, Blessing-Moore J, Cox L, Khan DA; et al. (2008). "The diagnosis and management of rhinitis: an updated practice parameter". J Allergy Clin Immunol. 122 (2 Suppl): S1–84. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2008.06.003. PMID 18662584.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Romeo, Jonathan; Dykewicz, Mark (2014). "Chapter 9:Differential Diagnosis of Rhinitis and Rhinosinusitis". Diseases of the Sinuses. Springer New York. pp. 133–152. ISBN 978-1-4939-0265-1.
- ↑ Brook I (2011). "Microbiology of sinusitis". Proc Am Thorac Soc. 8 (1): 90–100. doi:10.1513/pats.201006-038RN. PMID 21364226.
- ↑ Pattanaik D, Lieberman P (2010). "Vasomotor rhinitis". Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 10 (2): 84–91. doi:10.1007/s11882-010-0089-z. PMID 20425499.
- ↑ Kaliner MA (2011). "Nonallergic rhinopathy (formerly known as vasomotor rhinitis)". Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 31 (3): 441–55. doi:10.1016/j.iac.2011.05.007. PMID 21737036.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Katelaris CH, Lee BW, Potter PC, Maspero JF, Cingi C, Lopatin A; et al. (2012). "Prevalence and diversity of allergic rhinitis in regions of the world beyond Europe and North America". Clin Exp Allergy. 42 (2): 186–207. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03891.x. PMID 22092947.
- ↑ Segal S, Shlamkovitch N, Eviatar E, Berenholz L, Sarfaty S, Kessler A (1999). "Vasomotor rhinitis following trauma to the nose". Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 108 (2): 208–10. PMID 10030243.
- ↑ Monteseirin J, Camacho MJ, Bonilla I, Sánchez-Hernández C, Hernández M, Conde J (2001). "Honeymoon rhinitis". Allergy. 56 (4): 353–4. PMID 11284809.
- ↑ Varghese M, Glaum MC, Lockey RF (2010). "Drug-induced rhinitis". Clin Exp Allergy. 40 (3): 381–4. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03450.x. PMID 20210811.