Sandbox:UT

Capitalizing

The following principles must be kept in mind while capitalizing any word.

• Always capitalize:
  • The first word of every new sentence or bullet
    • Example 1: "Heart failure" is defined as the inability of the heart to pump enough blood to meet the demands of the body.
    • Example 2: (Bullet)
      • "Headache"
  • The name of a diseae, named after someone
    • Example 1: The patient is suffering from "Münchausen syndrome" but has no symptoms of "major depressive disorder".
  • Trade names of medications
    • Example 1: The preffered drug for the symptoms of this diseas is "Tyelenol", which contains "acetaminophen".
  • Abbreviations
    • Example 1: Pathogens: Chickenpox is caused by "varicella zoster virus (VZV)".
    • Example 2: Organizations: The "United States Preventive Task Force (USPSTF)" has established guidelines for screening various diseases.
  • Names of individuals or cities or countries
    • Example 1: Individuals : In 1836, "Joseph Parrish" described three cases of severe lower urinary tract symptoms without the presence of a bladder stone.
    • Example 2: Race: Pyelonephritis is more prevalent amongst "Asian" population as compared to "Caucasians".
    • Example 3: Race: New information suggests that elements of heart failure in "African Americans" and "Caucasians" may be different.
    • Example 4: Countries: It is estimated that about 5.7 million adults in the "United States" have heart failure (about 2,650,000 males, and 2,650,000 females).
    • Example 5: Cities/States: A study conducted in "Olmsted County", 'Minnesota", showed that the incidence of heart failure (ICD9/428) has not declined during two decades, but survival after onset has increased overall, with less improvement among women and elderly persons.
    • Example 6: Study Design: Data from the NHLBI’s "Framingham Heart Study" indicate that heart failure (HF) incidence approaches 10 per 1,000 population after age 65.
    • Example 7: "Headings: Country Specific Causes"
    • Example 8: "Headings: "Natural History, Complications and Prognosis"
• In case of any confusion, google the world and look for its utilization within a sentence.

Classification

UTI

Uppper

Lower

Pyelonephritis

Cystitis

Prostatitis

Uretheritis

Asymptomatic Bacteriuria

Pyelonephritis

Etiology

Pathogen

Duration and Treatment

Acute Bacterial*Chronic bacterial*Inflammatory chronic*Non-inflammatory chronic*Asymptomatic

Non-infectious

Infectious

*Traumatic cystitis*Interstitial Cystitis*Eosinophilic cystitis*Hemorrhagic cystitis*Foreign body cystitis*Cystitis cystica*Emphysematous cystitis*Cystitis glandularis

*Bacteria*Fungi*Viruses*Parasites

*Acute uncomplicated cystitis*Complicated cystitis*Recurrent/Chronic Cystitis

*urinary crystals*Chemicals*Stevens-Johnson syndrome*Spermicides

Journal Reference

Raas-Rothschild A, Spiegel R (2010 Jan 28). "Mucolipidosis III Gamma". GeneReviews®. PMID 20301784.

Color codes for table

BLUE: |align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" | GRAY: |style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px text-align:center" | +
KHAKI:|style="background: #F0E68C; padding: 5px text-align:center" | +
PALE TORQOUI...:|style="background: #AFEEEE; padding: 5px text-align:center" | -
Brown:|style="background: #A52A2A; padding: 5px text-align:center" | +

Image copying

Image copying with text

CT Scan Emphysematous Cystitis

Table for D/D of cystitis

Diseases	Diagnostic tests			Physical Examination				Symptoms					Past medical history	Other Findings
	Urinalysis	Urine Culture	Gold Standard	Fever	Suprapubic Tenderness	Discharge	Inguinal Lymphadenopathy	Hematuria	Pyuria	Frequency	Urgency	Dysuria
Cystitis	*Nitrite +ve *Leukocyte estrase+ve *WBCs *RBCs	>100,000CFU/mL	Urinary culture	✔	✔	-	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	Recent catheterisation Pregnancy recent intercourse Diabetes Personal or Family History of UTI Known abnormality of the urinary tract BPH or HIV	Imaging studies help differentiate the type May company back pain, nausea, vomiting and chills
Urethritis	*Positive leukocyte esterase test or >10 WBCs *Mucous threads in the morning urine	-	*Gram stain *Mucoid or purulent discharge	✔	-	Urethral discharge	✔	-	✔	-	-	✔	Prior STDs Urinary tract infections New sexual partner Recent intercourse Recent catheterisation	Tachycardia, diaphoresis, hypertension, tremors, mydriasis, positional nystagmus, tachypnea
Bacterial Vulvovagintis	-	-	Gram Stain	✔	-	Vaginal discharge	✔						Number and type of sexual partners (new, casual, or regular) Prior STDs Previous history of symptomatic BV in female partner (in homosexual women)	Fishy odor from the vagina (Whiff test) Thin, white/gray homogeneous vaginal discharge Microscopy (wet prep) and vaginal pH  Clue cells
Cervicitis	-	-	culture for gonococcal cervicitis	✔	-	endocervical exudate		-	✔	-	-	✔	Abnormal vaginal bleeding after intercourse or after menopause Abnormal vaginal discharge Painful sexual intercourse Pressure or heaviness in the pelvis	1-a purulent or mucopurulent endocervical exudate 2-Sustained endocervical bleeding easily induced by a cotton swab 3->10 WBC in vaginal fluid, in the absence of trichomoniasis, may indicate endocervical inflammation caused specifically by C. trachomatis or N. gonorrhea
Prostatitis	10-20 leukocytes for acute and chronic bacterial subtypes	Identifies causative bacteria (in bacterial subtypes)	Urine Culture	✔	-	-		-	✔	✔	✔	✔	Urogenital disorders Recent catheterization or other genitourinary instrumentation History of UTIs	In acute prostatitis, palpation reveals a tender and enlarged prostate[1][3] In chronic prostatitis, palpation reveals a tender and soft (boggy) prostate[1] A prostate massage should never be done in a patient with suspected acute prostatitis, since it may induce sepsis
Epididymitis	Hematuria may be seen	✔	Culture	✔	✔	+/- urethral discharge	✔	✔	-	✔	✔	✔	Scrotal pain: starts gradually, is usually unilateral and localized posterior to the testis Scrotal swelling Scrotal wall erythema Constitutional symptoms: feeling of hotness, chills, nausea and vomiting	*Ultrasound in patients with acute testicular pain to assess for testicular torsion If equivocal do surgical exploration
Syphilis (STD)	-	-	Darkfield Microscopy	+/-	-	-	✔	-	-	-	-	-	History of STD HIV Immunosupression Previous history of chancre	May be asymptomatic Painless chancre in primary syphilis Secondary syphilis may have generalised features and condylomata late Tertiary syphilis can have neurosyphilis, cardiovascular syphilis and gummas
BPH	Recommended Hematuria may be seen	-	DRE + Serum PSA	-	-	-		✔	-	✔	✔	✔	Sudden inability to urinate Urinary tract infections Urinary stones Damage to the kidneys Blood in the urine	Involves mainly central or transitional zone Hyperplasia rather than hypertrophy Obstruction of the urethra Nocturia
Neoplasms	Recomended Hematuria may be seen	-	Imaging and biopsy	+-	-		✔	✔	-	✔	✔	-	Sudden inability to urinate Recurrent urinary tract infections Weight loss and other constitutional symptoms	Cachexia Gradual progression
Pyelonephritis	Leukocytes Nitrite +ve	Identifies causative bacteria	Imaging and culture	✔	✔ + Flank Pain	✔	✔	✔	✔			✔	History of Pyelonephritis Recent history of Hospitalisation Nephrolithiasis Immunosupression	Costovertebral angle tenderness Patient is in acute distress Look for obstructive causes