Tetanus risk factors

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Michael Maddaleni, B.S.

Overview

Clostridium tetani spores can be found in various locations including manure, soil and dust. Inhabitants of developing countries are at a higher risk of acquiring tetanus because of lack of tetanus vaccination. Various risk factors for tetanus include contaminated wounds, punctured wounds, crushing, burns and working in unhygienic environment.^[1]

Risk Factors

There are various risk factors that increase the chance of acquiring tetanus. These include:^[1]^[2]

Improper immunization
Presence of a puncture wound
Simultaneous infection with other pathogens
Presence of a foreign body, such as a splinter or a nail
Presence of dead tissue
Crushing injuries
Burns
Limited ischemia
Working in unhygienic environment
Hiking in bat caves
Sports injuries
Road side accidents

Injuries related to Tetanus

There are many different injuries that can result in tetanus. Some of these injuries include:^[1]^[2]

Animal bites
Different types of dental procedures
Wounds from surgeries
Infection of umbilical stump in neonates
Septic abortion
Male circumcision (specially in subSaharan Africa)
Crush injuries
Gunshot wounds
Puncture wounds
Burns
Foot ulcers in diabetic patients
Ear infections
Compound fractures
Injecting drugs
Self tattooing

Rare Conditions leading to Tetanus

Intra muscular injections
IV drug abuse
Chronic sores
Dental infections
Superficial clean wounds
Insect bites

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 "Tetanus | About Tetanus Disease | Lockjaw | CDC".
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Grund JM, Toledo C, Davis SM, Ridzon R, Moturi E, Scobie H; et al. (2016). "Notes from the Field: Tetanus Cases After Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision for HIV Prevention--Eastern and Southern Africa, 2012-2015". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 65 (2): 36–7. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6502a5. PMID 26797167.

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[urlTetanus_|_About_Tetanus_Disease_|_Lockjaw_|_CDC-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 "Tetanus | About Tetanus Disease | Lockjaw | CDC".

[pmid26797167-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Grund JM, Toledo C, Davis SM, Ridzon R, Moturi E, Scobie H; et al. (2016). "Notes from the Field: Tetanus Cases After Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision for HIV Prevention--Eastern and Southern Africa, 2012-2015". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 65 (2): 36–7. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6502a5. PMID 26797167.

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