Chlamydophila psittaci
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor-In-Chief: Mohammed A. Sbeih, M.D. [2]Omodamola Aje B.Sc, M.D. [3]
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 Direct fluorescent antibody stain of a mouse brain impression smear showing C. psittaci.
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Psittacosis Microchapters |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Case Studies |
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Chlamydophila psittaci On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Chlamydophila psittaci |
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Chlamydophila psittaci |
Overview
Psittacosis is caused by the organism Chlamydia psittaci. Chlamydia is understood to be a Gram-negative bacterium belonging to the genus Chlamydia or Chlamydophila in the family of Chlamydiaceae together with Parachlamydiaceae, Waddliaceae and Simkaniaceae in the order Chlamydiales, class and phylum Chlamydiae. Chlamydiales are obligate intracellular infectious agents in eukaryotic cells characterized by a unique developmental replication cycle.[1]
Causes
Birds are the major zoonotic reservoir. Despite its name, C. psittaci infection has been documented in 467 species from 30 bird orders, from psittaformes to ostriches to penguins have all been found to be associated with the development of psittacosis[2]. Bird handlers and those who keep birds as pets have a higher prevalence of the disease. Some of the birds listed below have been identified with psittacosis.
- Psittaformes[3]
- Budgerigars
- Cockatiels
- Cockatoos
- Parakeetsa
- Galliformes[4]
- Turkeys
- Pheasants
- Chickens
- Columbiformes[5]
- Doves
- Pigeons
- Passiformes
- Canaries
- Finches
- Anseriformes
- Ducks
- Geese
- Swans[6]
- Mule ducks have also been associated with human disease through heavy shedding.
Most humans are infected from birds of the order psittaciformes, which includes budgerigars, cockatiels, cockatoos, and parrots. Although the ducks are asymptomatic, each bird order tends to be infected by a predominant genotype of C. psittaci.
Other animals documented with C psittaci infection include;
- Horses
- Cattle[7] and
- Koalas[8], although transmission to people is seemingly a rare occurrence from these sources.
References
- ↑ de Rossi G, Focacci C (1979). "Early detection of craniosynostosis by 99mTc-pyrophosphate bone scanning". Radiol Diagn (Berl). 20 (3): 405–9. PMID 229510.
- ↑ Beeckman, D.S.A.; Vanrompay, D.C.G. (2009). "Zoonotic Chlamydophila psittaci infections from a clinical perspective". Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 15 (1): 11–17. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02669.x. ISSN 1198-743X.
- ↑ Milani R, Bianca T, Monni S, Di Franco S, Di Ruscio A, Filogamo C; et al. (1979). "[Basic theory and experimental results of a new method of approach to vascular hemodialysis (preliminary note)]". Chir Patol Sper. 27 (4): 319–34. PMID 262635.
- ↑ Efimov AS, Vaniurikhina LT, Orlova AV (1986). "[Trypsin-type serine proteases in the blood serum and lymphocytes of patients with diabetic angiopathies]". Vrach Delo (9): 78–81. PMID 3538658.
- ↑ Petrov VI, Sytnik AP, Gorbunov VN, Korenev NN, Naumov BA (1989). "[Anterior seromyotomy of the corpus and fundus of the stomach in combination with posterior selective vagotomy in the treatment of duodenal ulcer]". Khirurgiia (Mosk) (2): 84–7. PMID 2709727.
- ↑ Dickx V, Kalmar ID, Tavernier P, Vanrompay D (2013). "Prevalence and genotype distribution of Chlamydia psittaci in feral Canada geese (Branta canadensis) in Belgium". Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 13 (6): 382–4. doi:10.1089/vbz.2012.1131. PMID 23654298.
- ↑ Corson JA, Golub AM, Masiarz FR, Villars T, McConnell JV (1970). ""Behavior induction" or "memory transfer"". Science. 169 (3952): 1342. PMID 5454149.
- ↑ Weigler, Benjamin J.; Girjes, Adeeb A.; White, Neil A.; Kunst, Noleen D.; Carrick, Frank N.; Lavin, Martin F. (1988). "ASPECTS OF THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CHLAMYDIA PSITTACI INFECTION IN A POPULATION OF KOALAS (PHASCOLARCTOS CINEREUS) IN SOUTHEASTERN QUEENSLAND, AUSTRALIA". Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 24 (2): 282–291. doi:10.7589/0090-3558-24.2.282. ISSN 0090-3558.