Pheochromocytoma natural history, complications and prognosis

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ahmad Al Maradni, M.D. [2]

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Overview

The prognosis of pheochromocytoma is generally good but metastatic pheochromocytoma has a 5-year survival rate of approximately 45%. Massive release of catecholamines can causes damage to myocytes.

Natural History, Complication and Prognosis

Natural History

Pheochromocytoma is adrenaline secreting tumor. It causes tachycardia, hypertension, headache and sweating. If left untreated it causes hypertension emergency that causes heart failure, cerebrovascular strokes, hyperglycemia. If malignant, It cam metastasize to lymph nodes, bones, lungs, and liver.

Complication

The massive release of catecholamines in pheochromocytoma can cause damage to myocytes. This damage may be due to either a compromise of the coronary microcirculation or the direct toxic effects of catecholamines on myocytes. Other complications may include:

• Hyperglycemia
• Refractory hypertension
• Malignant hypertension
• Metastasis to lymph nodes, bones, lungs, and liver

Prognosis

• Approximately 10% recur after being resected.
• Patients with metastatic pheochromocytoma five-year survival rates are approximately 50% . Tumor burden, location of metastases, and rate of progression are the main factors affecting prognosis. Metastases in brain, liver have a worse prognosis than other metastases.
• Survival rate may depend on the primary tumor site and sites of metastases.

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