Gynecomastia natural history, complications and prognosis
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:
Overview
Gynecomastia is a benign breast enlargement and the majority of physiological gynecomastia resolve spontaneously. Secondary gynecomastia has an excellent prognosis and responds well to treatment, however, persistent gynecomastia can cause psychosocial stresses and has an assoicated risk of breast cancer as well.
Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis
Natural History
- The signs and symptoms of gynecomastia typically develop in neonatal, pubertal age or in the elderly.[1][2][3]
- Without treatment gynecomastia has some associated risk of breast cancer, however, the majority of physiological gynecomastia resolves in months to years time.
Complications
Complications of gynecomastia include:[4][5][6]
- Persistent pubertal gynecomastia
- Breast cancer
- Psychological stresses like depression, reduced self-esteem and body dissatisfaction.
Prognosis
- Gynecomastia has an excellent prognosis and the majority of physiological gynecomastia resolve spontaneously.
- Secondary gynecomastia also responds well to treatment or removal of the underlying cause.
- Persistent gynecomastia can cause psychosocial stresses and has some associated risk of breast cancer.[7][8][9]
References
- ↑ Braunstein GD (1993). "Gynecomastia". N Engl J Med. 328 (7): 490–5. doi:10.1056/NEJM199302183280708. PMID 8421478.
- ↑ Biro FM, Lucky AW, Huster GA, Morrison JA (1990). "Hormonal studies and physical maturation in adolescent gynecomastia". J. Pediatr. 116 (3): 450–5. PMID 2137877.
- ↑ Lemaine V, Cayci C, Simmons PS, Petty P (2013). "Gynecomastia in adolescent males". Semin Plast Surg. 27 (1): 56–61. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1347166. PMC 3706045. PMID 24872741.
- ↑ Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMID org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.01.009 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Ordaz DL, Thompson JK (2015). "Gynecomastia and psychological functioning: A review of the literature". Body Image. 15: 141–8. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.08.004. PMID 26408934.
- ↑ Rew L, Young C, Harrison T, Caridi R (2015). "A systematic review of literature on psychosocial aspects of gynecomastia in adolescents and young men". J Adolesc. 43: 206–12. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.06.007. PMID 26151806.
- ↑ Wiesman, IM.; et al. "Gynecomastia: An Outcome Analysis".
- ↑ Li CC, Fu JP, Chang SC, Chen TM, Chen SG (2012). "Surgical treatment of gynecomastia: complications and outcomes". Ann Plast Surg. 69 (5): 510–5. doi:10.1097/SAP.0b013e318222834d. PMID 21712702.
- ↑ Choi BS, Lee SR, Byun GY, Hwang SB, Koo BH (2017). "The Characteristics and Short-Term Surgical Outcomes of Adolescent Gynecomastia". Aesthetic Plast Surg. doi:10.1007/s00266-017-0886-z. PMID 28451801.