Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state historical perspective
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:
Overview
Historical Perspective
- The known history of diabetes dates back to the Egyptian era, and the first documented evidence was found in an Egyptian papyrus dating back to 1552 BC.
- In 1828, von Stosch for the first time described diabetic coma in detail.
- In 1857, Petters discovered acetone in the urine of patients with diabetes.
- In 1865, Gerhardt discovered acetoacetic acid in the urine of patients with diabetes.
- In 1874, Kussmaul also described diabetic coma in detail.
- In 1878, Foster described some cases of diabetic coma and acetonemia.
- In 1883–1884, Stadelmann, Külz, Minkowski found out that in addition to acetone patients with diabetic coma also have β-hydroxybutyric acid.
- In 1884–1886, von Frerichs and Dreschfeld described some cases of patients with diabetic coma but without kussmaul breathing or ketones.
- In 1922, insulin was discovered and isolated by Banting and Best.
- In 1909–1923, Lépine, Revillet, McCaskey and Bock et al also described some cases of patients with diabetic coma without ketonuria.
- In 1930–1935, Lawrence and Joslin described the management of diabetic coma.
- In 1957, Sament, Schwartz, Graeff, and Lips also described some case reports of diabetic coma without ketones and hyperosmolality.
- In 1962, Singer et al explained the relationship of hyperglycemia and osmolality.
- In 1971, Arieff, Carroll and Gerich et al described the modern definition and initial criteria of the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state which they called hyperosmolar hyperglycemic non-ketotic state.
- In 1973, Arieff and Kleeman explained the mechanism of cerebral edema in the treatment of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state.
- In 1976–1977, Alberti, Hockaday and Kitabchi et al described the low-dose insulin protocols.
- In 2004–2009, American Diabetes Association has consensus for the management of the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state in adults.
- In 2011, Pediatric Endocrine Society guidelines for treatment of HHS in children were published.
Outbreaks
- There have been several outbreaks of [disease name], which are summarized below:
Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies
- In [year], [diagnostic test/therapy] was developed by [scientist] to treat/diagnose [disease name].
- In the pre-insulin era, the treatment modalities used for diabetic coma include blood transfusion, castor oil with potassium citrate, and saline solutions with sodium carbonate among other therapies.
- These therapies had little success and a majority of times patients died few months after the first episode of diabetic coma.
- In 1922, after the discovery of insulin the frequency of diabetes patients with diabetic coma decreased and after the 1930s there were less than 10% of hospital admissions with diabetic coma.
- In 1930-1950 the usual practice was to use insulin in 20–100 units i.v. or s.c. bolus followed by 20 units s.c. every 30–60 min depending on glucosuria.
Impact on Cultural History
Famous Cases
- The following are a few famous cases of disease name: