Plummer-Vinson syndrome causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Akshun Kalia M.B.B.S.[2]

Causes

The cause of Plummer-Vinson syndrome is unknown; however, iron deficiency anemia, genetic factors and nutritional deficiencies may play a role. Iron deficiency anemia is the most widely regarded cause of Plummer-Vinson syndrome and can be due to:

Increased Iron Requirement

Physiological

• Growth
• Pregnancy
• Frequent blood donation

Pathological

Blood Loss

• Menstruation
• Gastrointestinal tract (bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract (ulcers, hemorrhoids, Esophageal varices, The use of aspirin, ibuprofen, or arthritis medicines for a long time, Cancer in the esophagus, stomach, or colon)
  • Food sensitivity
  • Hookworms
• Genitourinary tract
• Respiratory tract (Rarely laryngological bleeding or from the respiratory tract)
• Hemoptysis (alveolar hemorrhage)
• Blood donation
• Nosocomial blood loss: phlebotomy for diagnostic tests in hospitalized patients
• Following gastric or small bowel surgery: due to loss of gastric acidity, increased transit time for food, and decreased absorption of iron

Inadequate Iron Absorption

• Dietary deficiency
• Impaired absorption (Celiac disease, Crohn's disease)
  • Intestinal malabsorption
  • Gastric surgery
  • Hypochorhydria
• Taking too many antacids that contain calcium

celiac disease tropical sprue Crohn’s disease Whipple disease Kwashiorkor disease Alcoholism

Less common causes

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: recurrent hemorrhage

Intravascular hemolysis: for example, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.

Iatrogenic causes such as frequent blood draws, particularly in hospitalized patients

inadequate diet in children (excessive consumption of whole cow's milk)