Whipple's disease natural history, complications and prognosis
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sadaf Sharfaei M.D.[2]
Overview
If left untreated, [#]% of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
OR
Common complications of [disease name] include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
OR
Prognosis is generally excellent/good/poor, and the 1/5/10-year mortality/survival rate of patients with [disease name] is approximately [#]%.
Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis
Natural History
Tropheryma whipplei infection has different clinical manifestations. It could cause acute infection, localized infection and the classic Whipple's disease. Each of them has its own progression and natural history.
Acute infection
- Tropheryma whipplei causes acute infections, including:[1]
- Gastroenteritis: Patients have watery diarrhea, steatorrhea, and colicky abdominal pain.
- Pneumonia:
- Bacteremia:
Classic Whipple's disease
Patients who developed the classic Whipple's disease, usually have 3 clinical phases:
- In the early phase, patients have nonspecific symptoms including fever and arthralgia that could last for years.[2]
- In the middle phase, patients develop gastrointestinal symptoms including diarrhea, abdominal pain and weight loss.[3]
- In the late phase, other organs might be involved. Neurologic symptoms including progressive dementia, personality changes and seizures might happen. Eyes, heart, lung, liver, and skin can be involved in this phase.[4]
Localized infection
Patients might present with localized infection instead of systemic involvement after being infected by Tropheryma whipplei.
Complications
- Common complications of Whipple's disease include:
- Cardiac complications
- Adhesive pericarditis
- Myocardial fibrosis
- Neurologic complications
- Progressive dementia
- Cerebellar ataxia
- Personality changes
- Hemiparesis
- Seizure
- Wernicke’s encephalopathy
- Hypothalamic involvement
- Supranuclear ophthalmoplegia
- Cardiac complications
Prognosis
- Prognosis is generally very poor, if left untreated.
- The presence of neurologic symptoms is associated with a particularly poor prognosis among patients with Whipple's disease.
References
- ↑ Raoult, Didier; Fenollar, Florence; Rolain, Jean-Marc; Minodier, Philippe; Bosdure, Emmanuelle; Li, Wenjun; Garnier, Jean-Marc; Richet, Hervé (2010). "Tropheryma whipplei in Children with Gastroenteritis". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 16 (5): 776–782. doi:10.3201/eid1605.091801. ISSN 1080-6040.
- ↑ Bai, J; Mazure, R; Vazquez, H; Niveloni, S; Smecuol, E; Pedreira, S; Maurino, E (2004). "Whipple's disease". Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2 (10): 849–860. doi:10.1016/S1542-3565(04)00387-8. ISSN 1542-3565.
- ↑ Puéchal, Xavier (2013). "Whipple's disease". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 72 (6): 797–803. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-202684. ISSN 0003-4967.
- ↑ Fleming, Jon L.; Wiesner, Russell H.; Shorter, Roy G. (1988). "Whipple's Disease: Clinical, Biochemical, and Histopathologic Features and Assessment of Treatment in 29 Patients". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 63 (6): 539–551. doi:10.1016/S0025-6196(12)64884-8. ISSN 0025-6196.