Sandbox: manpreet kaur

Abbreviations: RUQ= Right upper quadrant of the abdomen, LUQ= Left upper quadrant, LLQ= Left lower quadrant, RLQ= Right lower quadrant, LFT= Liver function test, SIRS= Systemic inflammatory response syndrome, ERCP= Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, IV= Intravenous, N= Normal, AMA= Anti mitochondrial antibodies, LDH= Lactate dehydrogenase, GI= Gastrointestinal, CXR= Chest X ray, IgA= Immunoglobulin A, IgG= Immunoglobulin G, IgM= Immunoglobulin M, CT= Computed tomography, PMN= Polymorphonuclear cells, ESR= Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, CRP= C-reactive protein

Classification of acute abdomen based on etiology Disease Clinical manifestations Diagnosis Comments Symptoms Signs Fever Rigors and chills Abdominal Pain Jaundice GI Bleed Hypo- tension Guarding Rebound Tenderness Bowel sounds Lab Findings Imaging Abdominal causes Inflammatory causes Pancreato-biliary disorders Acute pancreatitis + − Epigastric ± − ± − − N Increased amylase / lipase Ultrasound shows evidence of inflammation Pain radiation to back Primary biliary cirrhosis − − RUQ/Epigastric + − − − − N Increased AMA level, abnormal LFTs Cholelithiasis ± − RUQ/Epigastric ± − − + + N to hyperactive for dislodged stone Leukocytosis Ultrasound shows gallstone Murphy’s sign Gastric causes Gastritis ± − Epigastric Gastroesophageal reflux disease − − Epigastric − − − − − Gastric outlet obstruction − − Epigastric − − ± Hyperactive Intestinal causes Acute appendicitis + +in pyogenic appendicitis Starts in epigastrium, migrates to RLQ − − + in perforated appendicitis + + Hypoactive Leukocytosis Ultrasound shows evidence of inflammation Nausea & vomiting, decreased appetite Extra-abdominal causes Pulmonary disorders Pleural empyema + ± RUQ/Epigastric − − − − − N Cardiovascular disorders Myocardial Infarction − − Epigastric − − + in cardiogenic shock − − N

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Manpreet Kaur, MD [2]