Hepatocellular carcinoma risk factors

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Dildar Hussain, MBBS [2] Mohamad Alkateb, MBBCh [3]

Overview

Common risk factors in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma are chronic hepatitis B, chronic hepatitis C, cirrhosis, and inherited metabolic diseases.

Common risk factors that may increase the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma are:^[1]^[2]

Less common risk factors that may increase the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma are:

Anabolic steroids
Arsenic
Vinyl chloride and thorium dioxide
Obesity
Smoking
Food infected with Aspergillus flavus (especially peanuts and corns stored during prolonged wet seasons), which produces aflatoxin

↑ National Cancer Institute. Physician Data Query Database 2015.http://www.cancer.gov/types/liver/hp/adult-liver-treatment-pdq
↑ Trichopoulos D, Bamia C, Lagiou P, Fedirko V, Trepo E, Jenab M, Pischon T, Nöthlings U, Overved K, Tjønneland A, Outzen M, Clavel-Chapelon F, Kaaks R, Lukanova A, Boeing H, Aleksandrova K, Benetou V, Zylis D, Palli D, Pala V, Panico S, Tumino R, Sacerdote C, Bueno-De-Mesquita HB, Van Kranen HJ, Peeters PH, Lund E, Quirós JR, González CA, Sanchez Perez MJ, Navarro C, Dorronsoro M, Barricarte A, Lindkvist B, Regnér S, Werner M, Hallmans G, Khaw KT, Wareham N, Key T, Romieu I, Chuang SC, Murphy N, Boffetta P, Trichopoulou A, Riboli E (2011). "Hepatocellular carcinoma risk factors and disease burden in a European cohort: a nested case-control study". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 103 (22): 1686–95. doi:10.1093/jnci/djr395. PMC 3216968. PMID 22021666.