Lactose intolerance epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mahda Alihashemi M.D. [2]
Overview
Epidemiology and Demographics
[1] PMC1906652
Incidence
Most humans normally cease to produce lactase after weaning and as a result become lactose intolerant. It is, therefore, not surprising that as adults, as much as 75% of the world’s human population is intolerant to ingested dietary lactose
- The incidence/prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
- In [year], the incidence/prevalence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number range] cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
Prevalence
- The prevalence of lactose intolerance is approximately 75000 per 100,000 individuals worldwide.[2]
Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate
- In [year], the incidence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals with a case-fatality rate/mortality rate of [number range]%.
- The case-fatality rate/mortality rate of [disease name] is approximately [number range].
Age
- The prevalence of lactose intoleance are low in children younger than six years [3][4]
- The prevalence of lactose intoleance inceresed with age
- Patients of all age groups may develop [disease name].
- The incidence of [disease name] increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is [#] years.
- [Disease name] commonly affects individuals younger than/older than [number of years] years of age.
- [Chronic disease name] is usually first diagnosed among [age group].
- [Acute disease name] commonly affects [age group].
Race
In North American adults lactose maldigestion is found in approximately 79% of Native Americans, 75% of blacks, 51% of Hispanics, and 21% of Caucasians. In Africa, Asia, and Latin America prevalence rates range from 15-100% depending on the population studied. [5]
- There is no racial predilection to [disease name].
- Lactose intolerance usually affects individuals of the:
- African Americans
- Hispanics
- Asians
- Asian Americans
- Native Americans
- Europeans and European Americans individuals are less likely to develop lactose intolerance.
- Countries with high rates of lactase intolerance in Africa include:
- South Nigerian
- Hausa, Bantu
- Countries with low rates of lactase intolerance in Africa include:
- Hima
- Tutsi
- Nomadic Fulani
Gender
- [Disease name] affects men and women equally.
- [Gender 1] are more commonly affected by [disease name] than [gender 2]. The [gender 1] to [gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1.
Region
- The majority of [disease name] cases are reported in [geographical region].
- [Disease name] is a common/rare disease that tends to affect [patient population 1] and [patient population 2].
- e lowest prevalence in Europeans and European Americans and higher prevalence in African Americans, Hispanics, Asians, Asian Americans, and Native Americans. In Africa, some ethnic groups have high rates of lactase intolerance (South Nigerian, Hausa, Bantu), while others have low rates (Hima, Tutsi, nomadic Fulani). The prevalence of lactose malabsorption and intolerance are low in children younger than six years and increases with age [2,3].
Developed Countries
Developing Countries
References
- ↑ Itan Y, Jones BL, Ingram CJ, Swallow DM, Thomas MG (2010). "A worldwide correlation of lactase persistence phenotype and genotypes". BMC Evol. Biol. 10: 36. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-36. PMC 2834688. PMID 20144208.
- ↑ Silanikove N, Leitner G, Merin U (2015). "The Interrelationships between Lactose Intolerance and the Modern Dairy Industry: Global Perspectives in Evolutional and Historical Backgrounds". Nutrients. 7 (9): 7312–31. doi:10.3390/nu7095340. PMC 4586535. PMID 26404364.
- ↑ Rao DR, Bello H, Warren AP, Brown GE (1994). "Prevalence of lactose maldigestion. Influence and interaction of age, race, and sex". Dig. Dis. Sci. 39 (7): 1519–24. PMID 8026265.
- ↑ Di Stefano M, Veneto G, Malservisi S, Strocchi A, Corazza GR (2001). "Lactose malabsorption and intolerance in the elderly". Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 36 (12): 1274–8. PMID 11761016.
- ↑ Scrimshaw NS, Murray EB (1988). "The acceptability of milk and milk products in populations with a high prevalence of lactose intolerance". Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 48 (4 Suppl): 1079–159. PMID 3140651.
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Lactose Intolerance Microchapters |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Case Studies |
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Lactose intolerance epidemiology and demographics On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Lactose intolerance epidemiology and demographics |
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Lactose intolerance epidemiology and demographics in the news |
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Lactose intolerance epidemiology and demographics |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [3]
Overview
An estimated 70%[1] of adult humans are considered lactose intolerant, it is uncommon in healthy northern westerners and a few others groups. Between 30 and 50 million Americans are lactose intolerant and certain ethnic and racial populations are more affected than others. Up to 80 percent of African Americans, 80 to 100 percent of American Indians, and 90 to 100 percent of Asian Americans are lactose intolerant. The condition is least common among people of northern European descent.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Incidence and Prevalence
| Human groups | Individuals Examined | Percent Intolerant | Allele frequency |
| Dutch | N/A | 1%[2] | N/A |
| Swedes | N/A | 2%[3] | 0.14 |
| Europeans in Australia | 160 | 4%[3] | 0.20 |
| White people of Northern European and Scandinavian descent | N/A | 5%[4][5] | N/A |
| Danes | N/A | 5%[6] | N/A |
| British | 5–15%[7] | N/A | |
| Swiss | N/A | 10%[3] | 0.316 |
| White Americans | 245 | 12%[3] | 0.346 |
| Tuareg | N/A | 13%[7] | N/A |
| Germans | N/A | 15%[7] | N/A |
| Austrians | N/A | 15–20%[7] | N/A |
| Eastern Slavs (Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians) | N/A | 15%[8] | N/A |
| Northern French | N/A | 17%[7] | N/A |
| Finns | 134 | 18%[3] | 0.424 |
| Central Italians | 65 | 19%[9] | N/A |
| Indian Children | N/A | 20%[4][5] | N/A |
| African Tutsi | N/A | 20%[3] | 0.447 |
| African Fulani | N/A | 23%[3] | 0.48 |
| Bedouins | N/A | 25%[7] | N/A |
| Northern Indians | N/A | 27%[10] | N/A |
| African American Children | N/A | 45%[4] | N/A |
| Indian Adults | 150 | 50%[4][5][11] | N/A |
| Southern Italians | 51 | 41%[9] | N/A |
| Saami (in Russia and Finland) | N/A | 25–60%[12] | N/A |
| Northern Italians | 89 | 52%[9] | N/A |
| North American Hispanics | N/A | 53%[7] | N/A |
| Balkans | N/A | 55%[7] | N/A |
| Mexican American Males | N/A | 55%[4][5] | N/A |
| Cretans | N/A | 56%[4] | N/A |
| African Maasai | 21 | 62%[13] | N/A |
| Southern French | N/A | 65%[7] | N/A |
| Greek Cypriots | N/A | 66%[4][5] | N/A |
| North American Jews | N/A | 68.8%[4][5] | N/A |
| Southern Indians | N/A | 70%[10] | N/A |
| Sicilians | 100 | 71%[14][15] | N/A |
| South Americans | N/A | 65–75%[7] | N/A |
| Rural Mexicans | N/A | 73.8%[4][5] | N/A |
| African Americans | 20 | 75%[3] | 0.87 |
| Kazakhs from northwest Xinjiang | 195 | 76.4% [16] | |
| Lebanese | 75 | 78%[17] | N/A |
| Central Asians | N/A | 80%[7] | N/A |
| Alaskan Eskimo | N/A | 80%[4][5] | N/A |
| Australian Aborigines | 44 | 85%[3] | 0.922 |
| Inner Mongolians | 198 | 87.9%[16] | |
| African Bantu | 59 | 89%[3] | 0.943 |
| Asian Americans | N/A | 90%[4][5] | N/A |
| Northeastern Han Chinese | 248 | 92.3%[16] | |
| Chinese | 71 | 93%[3] | 0.964 |
| Southeast Asians | N/A | 98%[4][5] | N/A |
| Thais | 134 | 98%[3] | 0.99 |
| Native Americans | 24 | 100%[3] | 1.00 |
The statistical significance varies greatly depending on number of people sampled.
Age
Lactose intolerance levels also increase with age. At ages 2 - 3 yrs., 6 yrs., and 9 - 10 yrs., the amount of lactose intolerance is, respectively:
- 6% to 15% in white Americans and northern Europeans
- 18%, 30%, and 47% in Mexican Americans
- 25%, 45%, and 60% in black South Africans
- Approximately 30%, 80%, and 85% in Chinese and Japanese
- 30–55%, 90%, and >90% in Mestizos of Peru[18][19]
Chinese and Japanese populations typically lose between 80 and 90 percent of their ability to digest lactose within three to four years of weaning.
Race
Ashkenazi Jews can keep 20 - 30 percent of their ability to digest lactose for many years.[18][20][21] Of the 10% of the Northern European population that develops lactose intolerance, the development of lactose intolerance is a gradual process spread out over as many as 20 years.[22]Most Japanese can consume 200 ml (8 fl oz) of milk without severe symptoms.[23]
References
- ↑ Kretchmer N. Lactose and lactase: a historical perspective. Gastroenterology, 1971;61, 805–813
- ↑ Genetics of lactose digestion in humans., Flatz, G. , Advances in Human Genetics, 1987
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 Lactose and Lactase, Norman Kretchmer, Scientific American, October, 1972
- ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 Identification of a variant associated with adult-type hypolactasia, Enattah NS, Sahi T, Savilahti E, Terwilliger JD, Peltonen L, Jarvela I, Nat Genet. 2002 Feb;30(2):233–7
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 Lactose Intolerance: The Molecular Explanation, UC Davis Nutritional Genomics website
- ↑ Anne Charlotte Jäger, "Laktose-intolerans: Gentest for laktose-intolerans - hurtig og billig diagnostik", DSKB-NYT, no. 1, February 2006.
- ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 Michael de Vrese, Anna Stegelmann, Bernd Richter, Susanne Fenselau, Christiane Laue and Jürgen Schrezenmeir,"Probiotics—compensation for lactase insufficiency", American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 73, No. 2, 421S-429s, February 2001.
- ↑ Prevalence of the lactase deficiency among the population of the northwestern region of Russia
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Primary adult lactose malabsorption in Italy: regional differences in prevalence and relationship to lactose intolerance and milk consumption, LT Cavalli-Sforza, A Strata, A Barone and L Cucurachi, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol 45, 748–754, 1987
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Lactose intolerance in North and South Indians, Tandon RK, Joshi YK, Singh DS, Narendranathan M, Balakrishnan V, Lal K., Am J Clin Nutr 1981;35:943–6, 1981.
- ↑ Lactose malabsorption in apparently healthy adults in northern India, assessed using lactose hydrogen breath test, Rana SV, Bhasin DK, Naik N, Indian Journal of Gastroenterology, Volume 23, Issue 2, p. 78, 2004
- ↑ A. Kozlov, D. Lisitsyn, "Hypolactasia in Saami subpopulations of Russia and Finland", Anthropologischer Anzeiger, 55(3-4):281–287, 1997.
- ↑ Lactose malabsorption among Masai children of East Africa, RT Jackson, MC Latham, Am J Clin Nutr. 1979 Apr;32(4):779–82.
- ↑ Prevalence of primary adult lactose malabsorption and awareness of milk intolerance in Italy, G Roberto Burgio, Gebhard Flatz, Cristiana Barbera, Rosario Patan, Attilio Boner, Cinzia Cajozzo, and Sibylle D Flaiz, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 39: pp 100–104, January 1984.
- ↑ Lactose Intolerance, Tuula H. Vesa, Philippe Marteau, and Riitta Korpela, Journal of the American College of Nutrition, Vol. 19, No. 90002, 165S-175S (2000)
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Prevalence of primary adult lactose malabsorption in three populations of northern China, Wang YG, Yan YS, Xu JJ, Du RF, Flatz SD, Kühnau W, Flatz G., Hum Genet. 1984;67(1):103-6.
- ↑ Lactose intolerance in the Lebanese population and in “Mediterranean lymphoma”, Salah M. Nasrallah, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 32 , pp. 1994–1996, October, 1979.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Genetics and epidemiology of adult-type hypolactasia, Sahi T., Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl ;29:202:7–20, 1994
- ↑ Lactose malabsorption in Mexican-American children, Woteki CE, Weser E, Young EA, Am J Clin Nutr;29:19–24, 1976
- ↑ Genetics of lactose digestion in humans, Flatz G., Adv Hum Genet ;16:1 - 77, 1987
- ↑ Genetics of lactase persistence and lactose intolerance, Swallow DM., Annu Rev Genet ;37:197 - 219, 2003.
- ↑ Systemic lactose intolerance: a new perspective on an old problem, S B Matthews, J P Waud, A G Roberts and A K Campbell, Postgraduate Medical Journal;81:167 - 173, 2005.
- ↑ Studies on the etiology of milk intolerance in Japanese adults, Yoshida Y, Sasaki G, Goto S, Yanagiya S, Takashina K, Gastroenterol Jpn.;10(1):29–34, 1975