Sialolithiasis pathophysiology
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Mahda Alihashemi M.D. [2]
Overview
The exact pathogenesis of [disease name] is not fully understood.
OR
It is thought that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].
OR
[Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.
OR
Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.
OR
[Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].
OR
The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].
OR
The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.
Pathophysiology
Pathogenesis
Sialolithiasis :
- Presence of stones within the salivary glands or the salivary gland ducts.
- The exact pathogenesis of sialolithias is not fully understood but relative stagnation of salivary flow and calcium concentration may be important.
- Component of salivary stones include: [1]
- Calcium phosphate
- Hydroxyapatite
- Magnesium
- Ammonium
- Potassium
- Parotid, submandibular, sublingual glands and minor salivary glands are prone to the development of stones.[2][3]
- Parotid glands and stensen ducts are located anterior to the external auditory canal.
- Submandibular glands and wharton ducts are located beneath the floor of the mouth.
- Sublingual glands are located beneath the mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth.
- 75 percent of sialadenosis cases are single
- 3 percent of stones are bilateral and most of them are located in parotid glands.
- Submandibular stones are the largest ones and are often located in the wharton ducts.
- Parotid stones are the smaller than submandibular stones, and they are more located within the glands and they are more multiple.
- Stone formation is 80 to 90 percent in the submandibular gland, 6 to 20 percent in the parotid glands, 1 to 2 percent occur in the sublingual or minor salivary glands .
- Stones occur equally on the right and left sides.
Sialoadenitis
- Inflammation of a salivary gland
- Swelling is usually present
- Acute sialoadenitis may be caused by viral or bacterial infection[3]
- Parotid and submandibular glands are more involved in acute sialadenitis.
- Parotid and submandibular glands are more involved in acute sialadenitis.
- Chronic sialoadenitis is caused by repeated episodes of inflammation and finally it progresses to salivary gland dysfucntion.
Associated Conditions
Gross Pathology
- On gross pathology, hard yellow -white spherical depositions usually less than 2 cm in diameter, [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].
Microscopic Pathology
- On microscopic histopathological analysis,
- Dilated ducts with squamous metaplasia or calculi
- Chronic inflammation
- Destruction of acini
- Fibrosis in sialadenitis
References
- ↑ Williams MF (1999). "Sialolithiasis". Otolaryngol. Clin. North Am. 32 (5): 819–34. PMID 10477789.
- ↑ Mandel L (2014). "Salivary gland disorders". Med. Clin. North Am. 98 (6): 1407–49. doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2014.08.008. PMID 25443682.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 McKenna JP, Bostock DJ, McMenamin PG (1987). "Sialolithiasis". Am Fam Physician. 36 (5): 119–25. PMID 3318353.