Acute diarrhea causes
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Acute Diarrhea Microchapters |
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Acute diarrhea causes On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Acute diarrhea causes |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Chandrakala Yannam, MD [2]
Overview
- The causes of acute diarrhoea are based on geographical location, food hygiene standards, sanitation, water supply, and season.
- Common causes of acute diarrhea in children in both developing and developed nations are infections. Infectious gastroenterits is most commonly caused by Rota virus, Shigella, Enterotoxigenic E.coli ETEC , Campylobacter, Cryptosporidium parvum. Less commonly, acute diarrhea in children can be caused by Norwalk like viruses, can be associated with systemic infections including Influenza, UTI, Otitis media, HIV infection.
- Common causes of acute diarrhea in adults is also Infectious gastroenterits, commonly caused by Noro virus, Salmonella, Shigella, Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus. Other common causes are food allergies, drug side effects. Less commonly acute diarrhea can be a symptom in the initial stages of systemic conditions including Ischemic colitis, Hyperthyroidism, Tropical sprue and with disorders of digestion and absorption process.
Causes
Causes: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10]
Bacterial:
- Shigella species ( S.dysentriae, S.flexneri, S.sonneii, S.boydii)
- E.coli species ( Enterotoxigenic E.coli, Enterohemorrhagic E.coli, Enteroinvasive E.coli)
- Vibrio cholerae
- Non Typhoidal Salmonella: S.typhimurium, S.enterica
- Campylobacter jejuni
- Clostridium difficle: Antibiotic associated diarrhea (eg: Amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, Clindamycin, Cephalosporins)
- Yersinia enterocolitica
- Aeromonas
- Sepsis:
- Staphylococcus aureus (staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome [TSS])
- Salmonella septicemia
- Hemolytic uraemic syndrome (Shiga toxin producing E. coli ETEC)
- Shigella species
- Non typhoidal Salmonella
- Clostridium difficile
- Campylobacter jejuni
- Escherichia coli :
- ETEC
- EPEC
- EHEC
- EIEC
- EAEC
- Yersinia enterocolitica
- Vibrio cholera
- Vibrio parahemolyticus
- Aeromonas
- Plesiomonas shigelloides
- Mycobacterium Avium complex
- Staphylococcal aureus
- Bacillus cereus
- Clostridium perfringens
- Listeria monocytogenes (in immuno compromised)
Viral:
- Rota virus
- Noro virus
- Adeno virus
- Astro virus
- Calcivirus
- Influenza, measles, dengue fever, human immunodeficiency virus
- Noro virus
- Rota virus
- Enteric Adeno virus
- HIV Infection
- CMV
- Astro virus
- Norwalk virus
Protozoa:
Entamoeba histolytica
Cryptosporidium parvum
- Entamoeba histolytica
- Giardia lamblia
- Microsporidia
- Isospora
Systemic infections
sepsis,urinary tract infection
appendicitis, Intussusception
Short bowel syndrome
Radiation or chemotherapy enteritis
Hyperthyroidism
Irritable bowel syndrome
Tropical sprue (initial stages)
Ischemic colitis(initial stages)
Tumors: VIPoma
Disorders of digestive/absorptive processes:
- Glucose-galactose malabsorption
- Sucrase-isomaltase deficiency
- Late-onset (adult-type) hypolactasia, leads to lactose intolerance
Intra abdominal emergencies including appendicitis,Infectious colitis.
Medicatons:
- Antibiotics, mostly with Cephalosporins
- Magnesium containing antacids
- Laxatives
- Anti retroviral agents
- Chemotherapeutic agents
- Antifungals
- Digoxin
- Thiazide diuretics
- Lactulose
Ingestion of plants (eg, hyacinths, daffodils, Amanita species mushrooms)
Food allergies:
- Cow's milk protein allergy
- Soy protein allergy
Organophosphate poisoning
Opium withdrawal
| Population | Life threatening causes | Common causes | Less common causes |
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Functional diarrhea |
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References:
- ↑ Mokomane M, Kasvosve I, de Melo E, Pernica JM, Goldfarb DM (2018). "The global problem of childhood diarrhoeal diseases: emerging strategies in prevention and management". Ther Adv Infect Dis. 5 (1): 29–43. doi:10.1177/2049936117744429. PMC 5761924. PMID 29344358.
- ↑ de Bruyn G (2008). "Diarrhoea in adults (acute)". BMJ Clin Evid. 2008. PMC 2907942. PMID 19450323.
- ↑ Chiejina M, Samant H. PMID 29262044. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ Dalby-Payne JR, Elliott EJ (2009). "Gastroenteritis in children". BMJ Clin Evid. 2009. PMC 2907797. PMID 21726481.
- ↑ Kotloff KL, Nataro JP, Blackwelder WC, Nasrin D, Farag TH, Panchalingam S, Wu Y, Sow SO, Sur D, Breiman RF, Faruque AS, Zaidi AK, Saha D, Alonso PL, Tamboura B, Sanogo D, Onwuchekwa U, Manna B, Ramamurthy T, Kanungo S, Ochieng JB, Omore R, Oundo JO, Hossain A, Das SK, Ahmed S, Qureshi S, Quadri F, Adegbola RA, Antonio M, Hossain MJ, Akinsola A, Mandomando I, Nhampossa T, Acácio S, Biswas K, O'Reilly CE, Mintz ED, Berkeley LY, Muhsen K, Sommerfelt H, Robins-Browne RM, Levine MM (2013). "Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study". Lancet. 382 (9888): 209–22. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60844-2. PMID 23680352.
- ↑ Chhabra P, Payne DC, Szilagyi PG, Edwards KM, Staat MA, Shirley SH, Wikswo M, Nix WA, Lu X, Parashar UD, Vinjé J (2013). "Etiology of viral gastroenteritis in children <5 years of age in the United States, 2008-2009". J. Infect. Dis. 208 (5): 790–800. doi:10.1093/infdis/jit254. PMID 23757337.
- ↑ Pang XL, Honma S, Nakata S, Vesikari T (2000). "Human caliciviruses in acute gastroenteritis of young children in the community". J. Infect. Dis. 181 Suppl 2: S288–94. doi:10.1086/315590. PMID 10804140.
- ↑ Cohen MB (1991). "Etiology and mechanisms of acute infectious diarrhea in infants in the United States". J. Pediatr. 118 (4 Pt 2): S34–9. PMID 2007955.
- ↑ Irikura D, Monma C, Suzuki Y, Nakama A, Kai A, Fukui-Miyazaki A, Horiguchi Y, Yoshinari T, Sugita-Konishi Y, Kamata Y (2015). "Identification and Characterization of a New Enterotoxin Produced by Clostridium perfringens Isolated from Food Poisoning Outbreaks". PLoS ONE. 10 (11): e0138183. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138183. PMC 4652906. PMID 26584048.
- ↑ Surawicz CM (2003). "Antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children: how many dirty diapers?". J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 37 (1): 2–3. PMID 12826999.