Cyanosis epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:
Overview
Epidemiology and Demographics
The reported prevalence of CHD at birth ranges from 6 to 13 per 1000 live births [13-19]. Variation is primarily due to the use of different methods to detect CHD (ie, fetal echocardiography versus postnatal referral to a cardiac center) [17,20].
The most common congenital heart defect is a bicuspid aortic valve (BAV), with a prevalence estimated between 0.5 and 2 percent, but as an isolated lesion it is rarely diagnosed in infancy [21-23]. The next most common defects are ventricular septal defects (VSDs) and secundum atrial septal defects (ASDs, prevalence of 4 and 2 per 1000 live births, respectively) [11,15,24,25]. Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) (figure 2) is the most common cyanotic CHD (0.5 per 1000 births) [15,26].
CHD is the leading cause of perinatal and infant death from a congenital birth defect, although outcomes have significantly improved with the advancement of corrective or palliative interventions [1,16,27-29].
Critical CHD accounts for approximately 25 percent of all CHD [12]. In infants with critical CHD, the risk of morbidity and mortality increases when there is a delay in diagnosis and timely referral to a tertiary center with expertise in treating these patients [9].