Open-angle glaucoma
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Open-angle glaucoma On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Open-angle glaucoma |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Rohan Bir Singh, M.B.B.S.[2]
Overview
Historical Perspective
Classification
| Open-angle Glaucoma | |
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| Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) (H40.11) |
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| Normal-tension glaucoma (H40.12) |
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| Juvenile open-angle glaucoma |
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| Glaucoma suspect (H40.0) |
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| Secondary open-angle glaucoma
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Pathophysiology
Causes
Differentiating Any Disease from other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) poses a significant public health problem. The estimated prevalence of POAG in the United States in individuals older than 40 years is 1.86% (95% confidence interval, 1.75%–1.96%), based on a meta-analysis of population-based studies. Applied to data from the 2000 US census, this percentage translates to nearly 2.22 million Americans affected.[1] The number of POAG patients is estimated to increase by 50%, to 3.36 million in 2020.
The World Health Organization (WHO) undertook an analysis of the literature to estimate the prevalence, incidence, and severity of the different types of glaucoma on a worldwide basis. The data collected predominantly in the late 1980s and early 1990s, it was estimated the global population of persons with high IOP (>21 mm Hg) to be 104.5 million.[2] The incidence of POAG was estimated at 2.4 million persons per year. Blindness prevalence for all types of glaucoma was estimated at more than 8 million persons, with 4 million cases caused by POAG. Glaucoma was theoretically calculated to be responsible for 12.3% of blindness. This makes glaucoma the second leading cause of blindness worldwide, following cataract.
The estimated prevalence varies widely as per different studies population-based samples; the Rotterdam Study (northern European population) showing a prevalence of 0.8% and the Barbados Eye Study (Caribbean population) showing a prevalence of 7% in individuals older than 40 years.[3][4] But in both of these studies, there is a significant increase in the prevalence of glaucoma in older individuals, with estimates for persons in their 70s being generally 3 to 8 times higher than those for persons in their 40s. In addition, multiple population-based surveys have demonstrated a higher prevalence of glaucoma in specific ethnic groups. Among whites aged 40 years and older, a prevalence of between 1.1% and 2.1% has been reported based on population-based studies performed throughout the world. The prevalence among black persons and Latino persons is up to 4 times higher compared to the prevalence among whites. Black individuals are also at greater risk of blindness from POAG, and this risk increases with age: in persons aged 46–65 years, the likelihood of blindness from POAG is 15 times higher among blacks than that among whites.
Risk Factors
Screening
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Diagnosis
History and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Laboratory Findings | Electrocardiogram | Chest X Ray | CT | MRI | Echocardiography or Ultrasound | Other Imaging Findings | Other Diagnostic Studies
Treatment
Medical Therapy | Surgery | Primary Prevention | Secondary Prevention | Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy | Future or Investigational Therapies
Case Studies
- ↑ Friedman, DS; Wolfs, RC; O'Colmain, BJ; Klein, BE; Taylor, HR; West, S; Leske, MC; Mitchell, P; Congdon, N; Kempen, J (2004-04-01). "Prevalence of Open-Angle Glaucoma Among Adults in the United States". Archives of ophthalmology (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). American Medical Association (AMA). 122 (4): 532. doi:10.1001/archopht.122.4.532. ISSN 0003-9950. PMC 2798086165208 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 15078671. - ↑ Tham, Yih-Chung; Li, Xiang; Wong, Tien Y.; Quigley, Harry A.; Aung, Tin; Cheng, Ching-Yu (2014). "Global Prevalence of Glaucoma and Projections of Glaucoma Burden through 2040". Ophthalmology. Elsevier BV. 121 (11): 2081–2090. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.05.013. ISSN 0161-6420.
- ↑ Leske, MC; Connell, AM; Schachat, AP; Hyman, L (1994). "The Barbados Eye Study. Prevalence of open angle glaucoma". Archives of ophthalmology (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 112 (6): 821–9. ISSN 0003-9950. PMID 8002842.
- ↑ Hofman, Albert; Breteler, Monique M. B.; van Duijn, Cornelia M.; Krestin, Gabriel P.; Pols, Huibert A.; Stricker, Bruno H. Ch.; Tiemeier, Henning; Uitterlinden, André G.; Vingerling, Johannes R.; Witteman, Jacqueline C. M. (2007-10-23). "The Rotterdam Study: objectives and design update". European Journal of Epidemiology. Springer Nature. 22 (11): 819–829. doi:10.1007/s10654-007-9199-x. ISSN 0393-2990.