Cyanosis pathophysiology
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Chandrakala Yannam, MD [2]
Overview
The exact pathogenesis of [disease name] is not fully understood.
OR
It is thought that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].
OR
[Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.
OR
Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.
OR
[Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].
OR
The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].
OR
The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.
Pathophysiology
Pathogenesis
- Cyanosis occurs due to following mechanisms:
- Systemic arterial oxygen desaturation
- Increased oxygen extraction by the tissues
- Based on these mechanisms cyanosis can be either central or peripheral.
- Central cyanosis:
- Caused by reduced arterial oxygen saturation or presence of abnormal hemoglobin derivatives (methemoglobin or sulfhemoglobin).
- The increased amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin is the result of either increased amount of venous admixture or reduced capillary arterial oxygen tension.
- Central cyanosis is obvious when the systemic arterial deoxygenated hemoglobin concentration in the blood exceeds 5 g/dL (oxygen saturation ≤85 percent).
- Peripheral cyanosis:
- In peripheral cyanosis, systemic arterial oxygen saturation is normal.
- Increased oxygen extraction by tissues causes wide systemic arteriovenous oxygen difference and increased deoxygenated blood on the venous side of the capillary beds in the setting of peripheral vasoconstriction.
- The increased oxygen extraction by tissues results from the sluggish movement of blood through the capillary circulation.
- The exact pathogenesis of [disease name] is not fully understood.
OR
- It is understood that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].
- [Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.
- Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.
- [Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].
- The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].
- The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.
Genetics
- [Disease name] is transmitted in [mode of genetic transmission] pattern.
- Genes involved in the pathogenesis of [disease name] include [gene1], [gene2], and [gene3].
- The development of [disease name] is the result of multiple genetic mutations.
Associated Conditions
Gross Pathology
- On gross pathology, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].
Microscopic Pathology
- On microscopic histopathological analysis, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].